Social and Behavioral Sciences
Drought and Pastoral Resiliency: An Analysis of Ranchers' Responses to the 2020-2022 Drought Anamoly in Baja California Sur, Mexico.
Author(s): Juliana Moyano, Isabella Akers, Riley Cummings, Jacqueline Helm, Gracyn Hinojosa, Caleb Kensinger, Sofia Price, Daxton Sorenson, Abigail Swanson
Social differences between students with and without learning disabilities
Author(s): Summer Pereira, Harley Jenkins, Josh Olsen
Psychosocial health impacts of anti-DEI legislation on various student populations in higher education
Author(s): Sebastian Trias, Gerolyn Ryan
Assessing Livestock Risk and Socio-Economic Impacts Due to Drought in Baja California Sur, Mexico
Author(s): Sofia Price, Isabella Akers, Riley Cummings, Jacqueline Helm, Gracyn Hinojosa, Caleb Kensinger, Juliana Moyano, Daxton Sorensen, Abigail Swanson, Abigail
Effects of True Crime on (SUU) College Student's Emotional and Behavioral Responses
Author(s): Emily Bailey, Hazel Petersen
Younger Service Members and Veterans at Higher Risk of Coercive Sexual Assault
Christensen, Kate L.; Hinkson Jr, Kent D.; Brooks Malisa M.; Bryan, Craig J.� (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson Jr, Kent (Utah Valley University and University of Utah, Psychology); Brooks, Malisa (University of Utah, Psychology)
Among the staggering rates of sexual assault, little attention has been directed towards the specific risk factors involved with coercive sexual assault. The few studies that have been conducted focus solely on college campuses. Studies have found that the potential risk factors between forced sexual assault and coercive sexual assault are fundamentally different. While forced sexual assault is associated with environmental risk factors such as alcohol, coercive assault risk factors have a stronger relationship with the victim's level of depression and self-esteem. Though depression and low self-esteem can affect people for a variety of different reasons, age tends to be a reliable predictor of both of these risk factors. Depression and low self-esteem have some of the highest rates among teens and young adults. When focusing on the Military, we see depression rates higher than that of the general public, with similar patterns of teenagers and young adults (18 to 25) being the most affected. With the knowledge that depression and low self-esteem are risk factors in coercive sexual assault and knowing an age group that is more likely to be depressed and struggle with esteem, we should expect to see a relationship between age and being a victim of coercive sexual assault. In a survey consisting of veterans, age had a mild relationship with coercive rape, with younger people being more susceptible and their older counterparts holding less risk. When focusing on other distinctions of sexual crimes such as harassment, assault, and rape, age was not found to be a risk factor. Knowledge of the relationship between coercive sexual assault and age carries important implications, particularly in the form of education and support. Leaders armed with this data can inform young people of this potential risk, provide preventative strategies, and recommend therapy or support groups when necessary.
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson Jr, Kent (Utah Valley University and University of Utah, Psychology); Brooks, Malisa (University of Utah, Psychology)
Among the staggering rates of sexual assault, little attention has been directed towards the specific risk factors involved with coercive sexual assault. The few studies that have been conducted focus solely on college campuses. Studies have found that the potential risk factors between forced sexual assault and coercive sexual assault are fundamentally different. While forced sexual assault is associated with environmental risk factors such as alcohol, coercive assault risk factors have a stronger relationship with the victim's level of depression and self-esteem. Though depression and low self-esteem can affect people for a variety of different reasons, age tends to be a reliable predictor of both of these risk factors. Depression and low self-esteem have some of the highest rates among teens and young adults. When focusing on the Military, we see depression rates higher than that of the general public, with similar patterns of teenagers and young adults (18 to 25) being the most affected. With the knowledge that depression and low self-esteem are risk factors in coercive sexual assault and knowing an age group that is more likely to be depressed and struggle with esteem, we should expect to see a relationship between age and being a victim of coercive sexual assault. In a survey consisting of veterans, age had a mild relationship with coercive rape, with younger people being more susceptible and their older counterparts holding less risk. When focusing on other distinctions of sexual crimes such as harassment, assault, and rape, age was not found to be a risk factor. Knowledge of the relationship between coercive sexual assault and age carries important implications, particularly in the form of education and support. Leaders armed with this data can inform young people of this potential risk, provide preventative strategies, and recommend therapy or support groups when necessary.
Voluntary or Not, Still No Equilibrium Play in the Ultimatum Game: A Failed Replication
Brooksby, Austin; Meyer, Jake; Rentschler, Lucas; Spofford, Robbie (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Rentschler, Lucas (Jon M. Huntsman School of Business, Economics and Finance Department)
The ultimatum game is a common experimental economics game done in pairs in which one person chooses a way of dividing a sum of money, and then proposes that split as an ultimatum to the other: Either accept it, or we both walk away with nothing. In theory, equilibrium play would indicate everyone should accept any split they're offered-regardless of the equity-but the experimental economics literature robustly rejects that theory. Smith and Wilson's 2017 paper "Equilibrium Play in Voluntary Ultimatum Games: Beneficence Cannot Be Extorted" produced results different from the vast literature, by making game participation voluntary within the lab. We attempted to replicate Smith and Wilson's results, but failed to do so. The most notable difference between our experiments was our subject pool, so we ran additional trials of the standard ultimatum game and confirmed our subject pool was not significantly different than the general literature. Our paper provides a great example of the importance of replicating results in the social sciences, in addition to a specific contribution to the ultimatum game literature.
Faculty Advisor: Rentschler, Lucas (Jon M. Huntsman School of Business, Economics and Finance Department)
The ultimatum game is a common experimental economics game done in pairs in which one person chooses a way of dividing a sum of money, and then proposes that split as an ultimatum to the other: Either accept it, or we both walk away with nothing. In theory, equilibrium play would indicate everyone should accept any split they're offered-regardless of the equity-but the experimental economics literature robustly rejects that theory. Smith and Wilson's 2017 paper "Equilibrium Play in Voluntary Ultimatum Games: Beneficence Cannot Be Extorted" produced results different from the vast literature, by making game participation voluntary within the lab. We attempted to replicate Smith and Wilson's results, but failed to do so. The most notable difference between our experiments was our subject pool, so we ran additional trials of the standard ultimatum game and confirmed our subject pool was not significantly different than the general literature. Our paper provides a great example of the importance of replicating results in the social sciences, in addition to a specific contribution to the ultimatum game literature.
Wituk and Manduru: The Transformative and Redemptive Power of Quichua Women in Ecuador
Maw, Madison (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Nuckols, Janis (Brigham Young University, Linguistics); Thompson, Gregory (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
In Ecuadorian Quichua culture people do what they can do to avoid being described as quilla—a behavior encapsulating both laziness and sexual promiscuity. Many of their myths revolve an individual who encapsulates one or both parts of quilla, the tale of Wituk and Manduru included. These behaviors are ones that estrange an individual from their family ties, which is a keystone motor of Quichua society. These myths, being origin stories, always end up with the person transforming into a part of nature, usually an animal or plant.
Wituk and Manduru's tale is one of the longer myths as well as one of the only that demonstrates both aspects of quilla so clearly. However, while it depicts what is considered the worst traits, it also demonstrates how to redeem oneself. At the end of the story the sisters transform themselves into trees that produce pods that when mashed create red or black paint. The girls use this to paint the men who they interacted with in their journey into more productive animals.
This paper will explore the implications this story has in modern life for the Quichua people, women in particular. The paint of these trees is highly important in all realms over which women preside, including pottery, beauty, and maintaining the chagra (in simplistic terms, a garden). The paint is used in a transformative and representative way, making the ritual plant grow stronger and allowing women to harness the power of animals around them, just to name a few. Women are able to use this plant to transform themselves and those around them in order to make a better society overall.
Faculty Advisor: Nuckols, Janis (Brigham Young University, Linguistics); Thompson, Gregory (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
In Ecuadorian Quichua culture people do what they can do to avoid being described as quilla—a behavior encapsulating both laziness and sexual promiscuity. Many of their myths revolve an individual who encapsulates one or both parts of quilla, the tale of Wituk and Manduru included. These behaviors are ones that estrange an individual from their family ties, which is a keystone motor of Quichua society. These myths, being origin stories, always end up with the person transforming into a part of nature, usually an animal or plant.
Wituk and Manduru's tale is one of the longer myths as well as one of the only that demonstrates both aspects of quilla so clearly. However, while it depicts what is considered the worst traits, it also demonstrates how to redeem oneself. At the end of the story the sisters transform themselves into trees that produce pods that when mashed create red or black paint. The girls use this to paint the men who they interacted with in their journey into more productive animals.
This paper will explore the implications this story has in modern life for the Quichua people, women in particular. The paint of these trees is highly important in all realms over which women preside, including pottery, beauty, and maintaining the chagra (in simplistic terms, a garden). The paint is used in a transformative and representative way, making the ritual plant grow stronger and allowing women to harness the power of animals around them, just to name a few. Women are able to use this plant to transform themselves and those around them in order to make a better society overall.
Why Say No, When You Could Say Yes? A survey of the why, the how, and the emotions of sexually abstinent adults.
Hale, Kaysi; Anderson, Chris (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Anderson, Chris (Utah Valley University, Psychology)
While there is significant data on adolescent sexual activity, education, and attitudes, there is little research done on adults who choose to stay abstinent, especially in the United States. Religiosity plays a significant role in reducing sexual behaviors before marriage. Many Christian faiths teach that sex should only be engaged in after marriage, so many followers choose to stay abstinent until marriage. Education about sex contributes to individuals choosing to stay abstinent and/or choosing to use safe-sex practices. Gender is not a large factor when considering reasons why individuals choose to stay abstinent; women have slightly lower rates of pre-marital sex at 94%; men at 96%. Sexual health and sexual well-being are difficult to define, but especially challenging when trying to define it for those choosing to stay abstinent into adulthood. The proposed study will sample an anticipated 200 self-reported abstinent undergraduates at Utah Valley University. This university has a high proportion of Christian students who are predominantly members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Data will be collected about why the students report they are remaining sexually abstinent as well as their sexual attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and feelings about their own sexuality. Correlations can be drawn between religiosity, gender, age, perceived healthy attitudes towards individual sexuality, feelings about sexual stimulating behavior, among other factors. This paper will contribute to the standing data about religiosity and sexuality. It will enhance the literature about how abstinent adults feel about their own sexuality.
Faculty Advisor: Anderson, Chris (Utah Valley University, Psychology)
While there is significant data on adolescent sexual activity, education, and attitudes, there is little research done on adults who choose to stay abstinent, especially in the United States. Religiosity plays a significant role in reducing sexual behaviors before marriage. Many Christian faiths teach that sex should only be engaged in after marriage, so many followers choose to stay abstinent until marriage. Education about sex contributes to individuals choosing to stay abstinent and/or choosing to use safe-sex practices. Gender is not a large factor when considering reasons why individuals choose to stay abstinent; women have slightly lower rates of pre-marital sex at 94%; men at 96%. Sexual health and sexual well-being are difficult to define, but especially challenging when trying to define it for those choosing to stay abstinent into adulthood. The proposed study will sample an anticipated 200 self-reported abstinent undergraduates at Utah Valley University. This university has a high proportion of Christian students who are predominantly members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Data will be collected about why the students report they are remaining sexually abstinent as well as their sexual attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and feelings about their own sexuality. Correlations can be drawn between religiosity, gender, age, perceived healthy attitudes towards individual sexuality, feelings about sexual stimulating behavior, among other factors. This paper will contribute to the standing data about religiosity and sexuality. It will enhance the literature about how abstinent adults feel about their own sexuality.
Where The Primates Are: Location of Primates for Sale in the United States
Seaboch, Melissa (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (University of Utah, Anthropology)
Primates do not make good pets because they are highly social animals that require members of their own species, large amounts of space, and specific diets to maintain positive psychological well-being. Additionally primates can also be aggressive toward their owners and they can transmit diseases (e.g. Salmonella, parasites, etc.) to their owners. Even so, there are over 15,000 pet primates in the United States. Regulations for owning a primate vary from state to state from a complete ban (19 states) to no restrictions (17 states). The goal of this project is to understand the pet primate trade and ownership in the United States, specifically, in which states they are for sale. Data (type of primate for sale and location) were collected bimonthly for five months from six online exotic pet trade websites. We found that 311 primates were offered for sale in 11 states with Florida having the most primates for sale (62%, n=195) followed by Tennessee (8.6%, n=27), and Texas (8%, n=25). The number of primates for sale in Florida is surprising since Florida requires permits from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission while there are no regulations for owning monkeys in Texas, or Tennessee. The Captive Primate Safety Act currently before Congress would prohibit the sale of all nonhuman primates by including them as "prohibited wildlife species" and would greatly reduce the ownership of primates as pets, though we note that a similar bill failed in 2007.
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (University of Utah, Anthropology)
Primates do not make good pets because they are highly social animals that require members of their own species, large amounts of space, and specific diets to maintain positive psychological well-being. Additionally primates can also be aggressive toward their owners and they can transmit diseases (e.g. Salmonella, parasites, etc.) to their owners. Even so, there are over 15,000 pet primates in the United States. Regulations for owning a primate vary from state to state from a complete ban (19 states) to no restrictions (17 states). The goal of this project is to understand the pet primate trade and ownership in the United States, specifically, in which states they are for sale. Data (type of primate for sale and location) were collected bimonthly for five months from six online exotic pet trade websites. We found that 311 primates were offered for sale in 11 states with Florida having the most primates for sale (62%, n=195) followed by Tennessee (8.6%, n=27), and Texas (8%, n=25). The number of primates for sale in Florida is surprising since Florida requires permits from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission while there are no regulations for owning monkeys in Texas, or Tennessee. The Captive Primate Safety Act currently before Congress would prohibit the sale of all nonhuman primates by including them as "prohibited wildlife species" and would greatly reduce the ownership of primates as pets, though we note that a similar bill failed in 2007.
Educational Outcomes of Biological Children with Adopted Siblings
Larsen Gibby, Ashley; Crockett, Kaelie (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Larsen Gibby, Ashley (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Family Life)
Past research has found a strong association between sibling characteristics and academic achievement, but very few studies have considered the impact of adoption. Family theories, such as resource dilution, stress, and compensation theories, suggest that adoption may negatively impact biological children's educational outcomes by reducing the resources available to these children and introducing stress and complexity into their family. However, despite its likely importance, no representative studies have investigated the impact of adoption on biological children, to our knowledge. Using the American Community Survey Data from 2013-2017, we test the relationship between having an adopted sibling and being held back in school among 1,684,608 biological children. We use logistic regression and included several child and household characteristics as controls. We find that having an adopted sibling is significantly associated with an increased likelihood of being held back but that this association is almost entirely explained by family size and socioeconomic status. Therefore, we conclude that although our findings suggest a negative impact of having an adopted sibling on non-adopted children, this impact may actually be capturing differences in socio-economic status, rather than adoption itself. Further investigations of the differences among children with or without adopted siblings are needed to understand the associated classed nuances.
Faculty Advisor: Larsen Gibby, Ashley (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Family Life)
Past research has found a strong association between sibling characteristics and academic achievement, but very few studies have considered the impact of adoption. Family theories, such as resource dilution, stress, and compensation theories, suggest that adoption may negatively impact biological children's educational outcomes by reducing the resources available to these children and introducing stress and complexity into their family. However, despite its likely importance, no representative studies have investigated the impact of adoption on biological children, to our knowledge. Using the American Community Survey Data from 2013-2017, we test the relationship between having an adopted sibling and being held back in school among 1,684,608 biological children. We use logistic regression and included several child and household characteristics as controls. We find that having an adopted sibling is significantly associated with an increased likelihood of being held back but that this association is almost entirely explained by family size and socioeconomic status. Therefore, we conclude that although our findings suggest a negative impact of having an adopted sibling on non-adopted children, this impact may actually be capturing differences in socio-economic status, rather than adoption itself. Further investigations of the differences among children with or without adopted siblings are needed to understand the associated classed nuances.
Increased Suicide and Self-Destructive Behaviors among Soldiers' Who Have Participated in Multiple Deployments
Christensen, Kate; Hinkson, Kent; Brooks, Malisa; Bryan, Craig (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (Utah Valley University, Psychology)
Rates of suicide, suicidal ideation (SI) and self-harm are reaching new record highs inside the U.S. military. Studies have found that there is a relationship between these self-destructive behaviors and the number of deployments served. The more deployments served in and experienced by military personnel, the higher the chance of suffering a service-connected disability. This demographic, individuals who have a service-connected disability, have greater rates of self-destructive behaviors such as intentional self-harm, suicidal ideation, suicidal intent, and plans. There are multiple reasons for the relationship between a service-connected disability and self-destructive behaviors such as the increased risk of depression, mental health diagnosis, type of injury, and opioid dependence. With each additional deployment there carries with it the potential of falling victim to a service-connected disability, which in turn lends itself to a higher risk of self-destructive behaviors. A survey conducted with 315 veterans demonstrated this relationship. There was a strong relationship between the number of overseas deployments and an individual's rates of suicidal ideation, specific plans for suicide, suicide attempts, and self-harm. Additionally, while there was a relationship between number of deployments and an individual having a service-connected disability, the disability only partially mediated suicidal ideation and behaviors. This information carries with it significant implications moving forward. Linking self-destructive behaviors to a service-connected disability acquired during a deployment stresses the importance of these individuals receiving mental health treatment in tandem with their recommended medical treatment. Additionally, understanding the risk associated with participating in multiple deployments will give more impetus to the military to decrease eligibility after the first few deployments.
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (Utah Valley University, Psychology)
Rates of suicide, suicidal ideation (SI) and self-harm are reaching new record highs inside the U.S. military. Studies have found that there is a relationship between these self-destructive behaviors and the number of deployments served. The more deployments served in and experienced by military personnel, the higher the chance of suffering a service-connected disability. This demographic, individuals who have a service-connected disability, have greater rates of self-destructive behaviors such as intentional self-harm, suicidal ideation, suicidal intent, and plans. There are multiple reasons for the relationship between a service-connected disability and self-destructive behaviors such as the increased risk of depression, mental health diagnosis, type of injury, and opioid dependence. With each additional deployment there carries with it the potential of falling victim to a service-connected disability, which in turn lends itself to a higher risk of self-destructive behaviors. A survey conducted with 315 veterans demonstrated this relationship. There was a strong relationship between the number of overseas deployments and an individual's rates of suicidal ideation, specific plans for suicide, suicide attempts, and self-harm. Additionally, while there was a relationship between number of deployments and an individual having a service-connected disability, the disability only partially mediated suicidal ideation and behaviors. This information carries with it significant implications moving forward. Linking self-destructive behaviors to a service-connected disability acquired during a deployment stresses the importance of these individuals receiving mental health treatment in tandem with their recommended medical treatment. Additionally, understanding the risk associated with participating in multiple deployments will give more impetus to the military to decrease eligibility after the first few deployments.
Emotional Perception as an Intersection of Face, Body, and Scene
Reschke, Peter; Clayton, Colter; McLean, Ryan; Cordon, Hallie (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Reschke, Peter (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; School of Family Life)
Recent research has demonstrated that context plays a significant role in categorizing facial expressions of emotion (Aviezer et al., 2008). However, it is unclear which aspects of "context" drive this phenomenon. The current study sought to tease apart two unique sources of context (posture and background scene) using a fully crossed design with 6 emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Sadness, Joy, and Neutral) expressed using 3 modalities (Face, Posture, Background Scene) featuring 48 different actors from 4 racial/ethnic background (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White). Seventy-two participants (Mage = 20.28, SD = 2.18, 48 female, 30 male) each viewed 216 randomly selected Face-Posture-Scene composites and were asked to select from a list an emotion that best described what the person in the image was feeling. Participants' categorizations matching the face (i.e., accuracy) were analyzed using a full factorial repeated measures Generalized Linear Mixed Model with face emotion, posture emotion, and scene emotion as factors. There were significant main effects of face emotion, F(4, 9968) = 89.602, p < .001, and posture emotion, F(5, 11574) = 34.830, p < .001, as well as significant interactions of Face Emotion X Posture Emotion, F(20, 12380) = 41.454, p < .001, and Face Emotion X Scene Emotion, F(20, 13682) = 8.066, p < .001. Post hoc analyses of the Face Emotion X Posture Emotion interaction indicated that certain face-posture combinations, such as disgust-anger and joy-anger, resulted in complete changes in emotion perception, with categorizations overwhelmingly matching the posture instead of the face. Taken together, these results suggest that face and posture play individual and interactional roles in emotion perception. Implications for theories on emotion and emotion perception will be discussed.
Faculty Advisor: Reschke, Peter (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; School of Family Life)
Recent research has demonstrated that context plays a significant role in categorizing facial expressions of emotion (Aviezer et al., 2008). However, it is unclear which aspects of "context" drive this phenomenon. The current study sought to tease apart two unique sources of context (posture and background scene) using a fully crossed design with 6 emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Sadness, Joy, and Neutral) expressed using 3 modalities (Face, Posture, Background Scene) featuring 48 different actors from 4 racial/ethnic background (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White). Seventy-two participants (Mage = 20.28, SD = 2.18, 48 female, 30 male) each viewed 216 randomly selected Face-Posture-Scene composites and were asked to select from a list an emotion that best described what the person in the image was feeling. Participants' categorizations matching the face (i.e., accuracy) were analyzed using a full factorial repeated measures Generalized Linear Mixed Model with face emotion, posture emotion, and scene emotion as factors. There were significant main effects of face emotion, F(4, 9968) = 89.602, p < .001, and posture emotion, F(5, 11574) = 34.830, p < .001, as well as significant interactions of Face Emotion X Posture Emotion, F(20, 12380) = 41.454, p < .001, and Face Emotion X Scene Emotion, F(20, 13682) = 8.066, p < .001. Post hoc analyses of the Face Emotion X Posture Emotion interaction indicated that certain face-posture combinations, such as disgust-anger and joy-anger, resulted in complete changes in emotion perception, with categorizations overwhelmingly matching the posture instead of the face. Taken together, these results suggest that face and posture play individual and interactional roles in emotion perception. Implications for theories on emotion and emotion perception will be discussed.
Endocrine and neurotransmitter differences in young rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with varying degree of Chinese ancestry
Hunter, Jacob; Wood, Elizabeth; Jarman, Parker; Lindell, Stephen; Schwandt, Melanie; Goldman, David; Suomi, Stephen; Barr, Christina; Higley, James (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Higley, James (Family Home and Social Sciences, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are commonly used as a translational model to investigate human behavior and biology, largely due to shared evolutionary history and genetic similarities. Within rhesus monkeys, there are two distinct subgroups: Indian-derived and Chinese-derived monkeys. It is surprising that research has not compared the behavioral differences in these two subgroups. While there are anecdotal reports indicating that the Chinese-derived monkeys exhibit more aggression than the Indian-derived population, the only studies to investigate differences between them investigated infants, a limitation as infants rarely exhibit significant levels of aggression. This study investigates the relationship between DCA and several behavioral measures of aggression in adult subjects. We hypothesize that rhesus monkeys with higher DCA would exhibit more aggression than monkeys with lower DCA. The subjects were n = 130 adult female rhesus monkeys, housed in indoor-outdoor runs at the National Institutes of Health Animal Center, located in Poolesville, Maryland. Observations were made while the subjects were in their home cages, using five-minute focal observations, twice weekly for six months by trained staff. Subjects were behaviorally scored for a variety of behaviors that reflect rhesus monkey aggression. DCA was determined using genealogical data tracing each subject's ancestry back to the colony's founding in the 1940s. Based on the pedigree, the subjects were divided into pure Chinese-derived, pure Indian-derived, or hybrids. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that 100% Chinese monkeys exhibited higher rates of aggression (F(2,125) = 14.02, p < .0001), when compared to the Indian-derived or hybrid monkeys. These results suggest that, consistent with anecdotal reports, monkeys with 100% DCA exhibit higher levels of aggression than Indian-derived or hybrid subjects. Aggression may have played a pivotal role in the evolutionary success of the Chinese rhesus, allowing them to cross the Himalayas, disperse throughout China, establish territory, and successfully compete with other species.
Faculty Advisor: Higley, James (Family Home and Social Sciences, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are commonly used as a translational model to investigate human behavior and biology, largely due to shared evolutionary history and genetic similarities. Within rhesus monkeys, there are two distinct subgroups: Indian-derived and Chinese-derived monkeys. It is surprising that research has not compared the behavioral differences in these two subgroups. While there are anecdotal reports indicating that the Chinese-derived monkeys exhibit more aggression than the Indian-derived population, the only studies to investigate differences between them investigated infants, a limitation as infants rarely exhibit significant levels of aggression. This study investigates the relationship between DCA and several behavioral measures of aggression in adult subjects. We hypothesize that rhesus monkeys with higher DCA would exhibit more aggression than monkeys with lower DCA. The subjects were n = 130 adult female rhesus monkeys, housed in indoor-outdoor runs at the National Institutes of Health Animal Center, located in Poolesville, Maryland. Observations were made while the subjects were in their home cages, using five-minute focal observations, twice weekly for six months by trained staff. Subjects were behaviorally scored for a variety of behaviors that reflect rhesus monkey aggression. DCA was determined using genealogical data tracing each subject's ancestry back to the colony's founding in the 1940s. Based on the pedigree, the subjects were divided into pure Chinese-derived, pure Indian-derived, or hybrids. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that 100% Chinese monkeys exhibited higher rates of aggression (F(2,125) = 14.02, p < .0001), when compared to the Indian-derived or hybrid monkeys. These results suggest that, consistent with anecdotal reports, monkeys with 100% DCA exhibit higher levels of aggression than Indian-derived or hybrid subjects. Aggression may have played a pivotal role in the evolutionary success of the Chinese rhesus, allowing them to cross the Himalayas, disperse throughout China, establish territory, and successfully compete with other species.
From Outreach to Research: Using Wellness Screening Days to Identify and Support At-Risk College Students
Schiek, Haley; Thompson, Audrey; Rugo, Kelsi (Westminster College)
Faculty Advisor: Rugo, Kelsi (Westminster College, Psychology)
Background. College students face a myriad of well-documented mental health issues, including anxiety (American College Health Association, 2018), depression (Ibrahim et al., 2013), and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Yozwiak et al., 2012). Many of these mental health issues are laden with negative social stigma and go untreated (Corrigan & Kosyluk, 2013). While most college campuses offer free mental health resources for students, a striking number of college students are unaware of resources available on their campus (Michaels et al., 2015).
Research Aims. The Abnormal Psychology class at Westminster College hosts Wellness Screening Days (WSD) on campus once per semester to provide outreach, psychoeducation, and resources for students struggling with mental health issues in the campus community. In the near future, we plan to submit an IRB application to formally collect data at WSDs with the primary aim of increasing mental wellness on our campus.
Methods. At each Wellness Screening Day, Abnormal Psychology students erect tables at 2-3 highly trafficked locations on campus. WSD banners, balloons, and free snacks are placed around the screening area to draw student interest. Abnormal Psychology students are stationed near each table to assist their peers in completing, scoring, and interpreting their wellness screener. Wellness screeners are then returned to each student with a full page of resources printed on the back for students to utilize, if desired. Additionally, mental health professionals are stationed at each table for further support.
Discussion. We are proposing a poster to present our idea to turn the Wellness Screening Day into an IRB-approved research project on our campus at UCUR 2019 in order to garner scholarly feedback from colleagues in attendance. In particular, we plan to engage other professionals in discussions on (1) prioritization of constructs to screen, (2) risk management considerations, and (3) innovative ideas for institutional collaboration. We believe UCUR 2019 will offer a unique opportunity for us to interface with other professionals in the field to refine our research methodology.
Implications. Using the Wellness Screening Day to identify, connect, and track at-risk students on our campus has the potential to decrease negative mental health stigma in our campus community, improve mental wellness of our student body, and increase awareness of free mental health resources available on campus.
Faculty Advisor: Rugo, Kelsi (Westminster College, Psychology)
Background. College students face a myriad of well-documented mental health issues, including anxiety (American College Health Association, 2018), depression (Ibrahim et al., 2013), and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Yozwiak et al., 2012). Many of these mental health issues are laden with negative social stigma and go untreated (Corrigan & Kosyluk, 2013). While most college campuses offer free mental health resources for students, a striking number of college students are unaware of resources available on their campus (Michaels et al., 2015).
Research Aims. The Abnormal Psychology class at Westminster College hosts Wellness Screening Days (WSD) on campus once per semester to provide outreach, psychoeducation, and resources for students struggling with mental health issues in the campus community. In the near future, we plan to submit an IRB application to formally collect data at WSDs with the primary aim of increasing mental wellness on our campus.
Methods. At each Wellness Screening Day, Abnormal Psychology students erect tables at 2-3 highly trafficked locations on campus. WSD banners, balloons, and free snacks are placed around the screening area to draw student interest. Abnormal Psychology students are stationed near each table to assist their peers in completing, scoring, and interpreting their wellness screener. Wellness screeners are then returned to each student with a full page of resources printed on the back for students to utilize, if desired. Additionally, mental health professionals are stationed at each table for further support.
Discussion. We are proposing a poster to present our idea to turn the Wellness Screening Day into an IRB-approved research project on our campus at UCUR 2019 in order to garner scholarly feedback from colleagues in attendance. In particular, we plan to engage other professionals in discussions on (1) prioritization of constructs to screen, (2) risk management considerations, and (3) innovative ideas for institutional collaboration. We believe UCUR 2019 will offer a unique opportunity for us to interface with other professionals in the field to refine our research methodology.
Implications. Using the Wellness Screening Day to identify, connect, and track at-risk students on our campus has the potential to decrease negative mental health stigma in our campus community, improve mental wellness of our student body, and increase awareness of free mental health resources available on campus.
Job Satisfaction Amongst Law Enforcement
Abbott, Jessica; Henry, Kayla (Dixie State University)
Faculty Advisor: Abbott, Jessica (College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Applied and Behavioral Sciences)
There are many factors that contribute to a police officer's job satisfaction. This research explored the elements that determine an officer's positive or negative job perceptions. Policies, regulations, and job responsibilities in any police department can greatly influence an officer's relative level of satisfaction. Such policies, regulations, and responsibilities can be determined based on the geographic elements. Police officers from a Northern Utah police department were selected for this research. The researcher conducted interviews with 13 police officers, each from day, swing, and graveyard shifts. Interviews were held with officers who have been on the job for a long period, along with newer recruits. Such information gathered can help agencies understand what aids in improving job satisfaction, and what contributes to a negative job experience. The research can also be applied to turnover rates, and to determine what could be done to help the well-being of police officers in their line of work. However, limitations do apply to this research. Job satisfaction can be greatly affected depending on the different jobs performed within an agency and job location. However, this research only looks at one police station.
Faculty Advisor: Abbott, Jessica (College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Applied and Behavioral Sciences)
There are many factors that contribute to a police officer's job satisfaction. This research explored the elements that determine an officer's positive or negative job perceptions. Policies, regulations, and job responsibilities in any police department can greatly influence an officer's relative level of satisfaction. Such policies, regulations, and responsibilities can be determined based on the geographic elements. Police officers from a Northern Utah police department were selected for this research. The researcher conducted interviews with 13 police officers, each from day, swing, and graveyard shifts. Interviews were held with officers who have been on the job for a long period, along with newer recruits. Such information gathered can help agencies understand what aids in improving job satisfaction, and what contributes to a negative job experience. The research can also be applied to turnover rates, and to determine what could be done to help the well-being of police officers in their line of work. However, limitations do apply to this research. Job satisfaction can be greatly affected depending on the different jobs performed within an agency and job location. However, this research only looks at one police station.
Effects Society's Perceptions Have on Chronic Illness Management
Green, McKay (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Smith-Johnson, Amber (Utah Valley University, English)
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has stated that "Six in ten adults in the U.S. have a chronic disease and four in ten adults have two or more" ("About Chronic Diseases," n.d.). This means that over half the U.S. population is trying to manage a chronic illness with their daily tasks. Those with chronic illnesses start with a shorter supply of energy. They are forced to focus solely on the basic necessities while ignoring the majority of their desires, since they do not have the energy. Because of this, they face serious problems when they put off managing their symptoms to manage society's perceptions instead. My main research question is this: "Are those with chronic illness essentially (mis)managing their illness due to the perceptions of society? And if so, how do we change this problem?" The impact of perception on chronic illness management has not been studied adequately. However, in spite of the paucity of research, I have confirmed through my own primary and secondary research that many with chronic illnesses abandon their required treatment regimens in favor of perception management. Society has this image of disability that is very appearance driven — wheelchair, crutches, etc. And because the vast majority of those with chronic illnesses appear outwardly healthy, they are expected to actually be healthy and function like everyone. In this process they typically push themselves too far and cause debilitating and painful flare-ups. Studies have shown that if those with chronic illness have hope for a productive life, their illness is easier to manage. This hope is best nourished by focusing on treatment management instead of perception management. The goal of my research is to introduce hope into the lives of those with chronic illnesses so that they can manage their symptoms instead of society's perceptions.
Faculty Advisor: Smith-Johnson, Amber (Utah Valley University, English)
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has stated that "Six in ten adults in the U.S. have a chronic disease and four in ten adults have two or more" ("About Chronic Diseases," n.d.). This means that over half the U.S. population is trying to manage a chronic illness with their daily tasks. Those with chronic illnesses start with a shorter supply of energy. They are forced to focus solely on the basic necessities while ignoring the majority of their desires, since they do not have the energy. Because of this, they face serious problems when they put off managing their symptoms to manage society's perceptions instead. My main research question is this: "Are those with chronic illness essentially (mis)managing their illness due to the perceptions of society? And if so, how do we change this problem?" The impact of perception on chronic illness management has not been studied adequately. However, in spite of the paucity of research, I have confirmed through my own primary and secondary research that many with chronic illnesses abandon their required treatment regimens in favor of perception management. Society has this image of disability that is very appearance driven — wheelchair, crutches, etc. And because the vast majority of those with chronic illnesses appear outwardly healthy, they are expected to actually be healthy and function like everyone. In this process they typically push themselves too far and cause debilitating and painful flare-ups. Studies have shown that if those with chronic illness have hope for a productive life, their illness is easier to manage. This hope is best nourished by focusing on treatment management instead of perception management. The goal of my research is to introduce hope into the lives of those with chronic illnesses so that they can manage their symptoms instead of society's perceptions.
Examining Free Clinic Patients Household Environmental Safety and the Resulting Impact on Their Perceived Stress Levels
Dinehart, Claire; Alvord, Margaret; Holdeman, Alexis (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Kamimura, Akiko (University of Utah, Sociology)
Previous studies suggest uninsured individuals in poverty not only experience higher levels of stress than the general public, but also often have a hard time seeking positive coping strategies. If the exposure to an unsafe environment is prolonged, the individual is subsequently exposed to chronic stress as a result of their constant safety concerns. Yet, little is known how home environmental issues affect stress levels among underserved populations. The purpose of this research project is to examine the association between household environmental safety and stress among uninsured primary care patients who live in poverty. Data have been collected from patients of the Maliheh Free Clinic in Salt Lake City using a self-administered survey in Fall 2019. As of October 14, 2019, 195 patients participated in the survey. The preliminary results suggest that while higher levels of concerns about indoor air pollution, lead exposure, pesticide contamination, and water contamination were associated with higher levels of perceived stress, concerns about mold were not related to stress. None of the demographic characteristics such as educational attainment and marital status affected the association between environmental concerns and perceived stress levels. Identifying these stress-related household environmental safety concerns provides a basis from which stress-reducing interventions can be launched. Remedying household environmental issues can range from simple changes, like proper chemical storage, to large scale remodeling projects, like lead abatement. Providing education about household environmental safety and information about local resources to free clinic patients is the first step towards improving stress conditions in at-risk populations.
Faculty Advisor: Kamimura, Akiko (University of Utah, Sociology)
Previous studies suggest uninsured individuals in poverty not only experience higher levels of stress than the general public, but also often have a hard time seeking positive coping strategies. If the exposure to an unsafe environment is prolonged, the individual is subsequently exposed to chronic stress as a result of their constant safety concerns. Yet, little is known how home environmental issues affect stress levels among underserved populations. The purpose of this research project is to examine the association between household environmental safety and stress among uninsured primary care patients who live in poverty. Data have been collected from patients of the Maliheh Free Clinic in Salt Lake City using a self-administered survey in Fall 2019. As of October 14, 2019, 195 patients participated in the survey. The preliminary results suggest that while higher levels of concerns about indoor air pollution, lead exposure, pesticide contamination, and water contamination were associated with higher levels of perceived stress, concerns about mold were not related to stress. None of the demographic characteristics such as educational attainment and marital status affected the association between environmental concerns and perceived stress levels. Identifying these stress-related household environmental safety concerns provides a basis from which stress-reducing interventions can be launched. Remedying household environmental issues can range from simple changes, like proper chemical storage, to large scale remodeling projects, like lead abatement. Providing education about household environmental safety and information about local resources to free clinic patients is the first step towards improving stress conditions in at-risk populations.
Gender, Participation, and Institutional Settings for Young Adults in Utah Valley
Caldwell-Gehring, Kailey (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Haug, Jordan (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
My research focuses on how young adult men and women are interacting and participating in institutionalized religious and educational settings in Utah Valley. Men and women in these settings choose to interact with authority and participation differently when in situations with historical precedence for a higher concentration of male voices, views and interpretations. This research focuses on not only the amount of participation, but also the type of interaction that men and women choose to engage in as part of these institutional settings. The focus on how male and female participation varies is necessary in order to value and give space to the ideas and voices of those who interact in these institutional spaces. Through ethnographic research methods including participant observation and interviewing, I was able to research this topic. I attended religious and educational events in Utah Valley and focused on types of participation (comments vs questions, prefacing comments, use of and appeal to authority, and many others). The general trends that I found reflect the division in passive versus active participation between men and women in these situations. Within my research. men are far more likely to engage in independent thought, comments and interpretation while women are more often participating by volunteering to read or answering direct questions. When a woman is in a position of authority both men and women are more likely to engage in more personal participation and involvement than they do when a man is in a position of authority. My research on gender and participation within institutional spaces for young adults in Utah Valley focuses on how men and women are participating in these areas and how that kind of space can be more balanced in gender based interaction.
Faculty Advisor: Haug, Jordan (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
My research focuses on how young adult men and women are interacting and participating in institutionalized religious and educational settings in Utah Valley. Men and women in these settings choose to interact with authority and participation differently when in situations with historical precedence for a higher concentration of male voices, views and interpretations. This research focuses on not only the amount of participation, but also the type of interaction that men and women choose to engage in as part of these institutional settings. The focus on how male and female participation varies is necessary in order to value and give space to the ideas and voices of those who interact in these institutional spaces. Through ethnographic research methods including participant observation and interviewing, I was able to research this topic. I attended religious and educational events in Utah Valley and focused on types of participation (comments vs questions, prefacing comments, use of and appeal to authority, and many others). The general trends that I found reflect the division in passive versus active participation between men and women in these situations. Within my research. men are far more likely to engage in independent thought, comments and interpretation while women are more often participating by volunteering to read or answering direct questions. When a woman is in a position of authority both men and women are more likely to engage in more personal participation and involvement than they do when a man is in a position of authority. My research on gender and participation within institutional spaces for young adults in Utah Valley focuses on how men and women are participating in these areas and how that kind of space can be more balanced in gender based interaction.
Influence of Mental Health Disorders on Opioid Abuse and Misuse
Anderson, Taylor; Lancaster, Alex; Rezaei Shrireen; Goepper, Bradee (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Lancaster, Alex (Weber State University, Communication)
The Weber Morgan Health Department reports that there is a noticeably high rate of opioid overdoses occurring in the respective counties. Current research shows that opioid addiction and opioid related deaths are increasing across the nation. "Between 2013-2015 Utah ranked 7th in the nation for drug chemical related deaths" (CDC, 2017). The purpose of this study is to assess the influence mental health and religiosity have on opioid use and abuse in the Ogden Community. In conjunction with Ogden Civic Action Network (CAN) the Weber State University Community Research Team circulated a cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire. Findings will be utilized to better determine the needs of the Weber State University students and the members of the surrounding communities. The expected outcome of this study is findings that indicate significantly higher rates of abuse and misuse of prescription and street opioids among those who self-identify as having one or more mental disorders.
WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System)|Injury Center|CDC. (2019, September 18).
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.
Faculty Advisor: Lancaster, Alex (Weber State University, Communication)
The Weber Morgan Health Department reports that there is a noticeably high rate of opioid overdoses occurring in the respective counties. Current research shows that opioid addiction and opioid related deaths are increasing across the nation. "Between 2013-2015 Utah ranked 7th in the nation for drug chemical related deaths" (CDC, 2017). The purpose of this study is to assess the influence mental health and religiosity have on opioid use and abuse in the Ogden Community. In conjunction with Ogden Civic Action Network (CAN) the Weber State University Community Research Team circulated a cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire. Findings will be utilized to better determine the needs of the Weber State University students and the members of the surrounding communities. The expected outcome of this study is findings that indicate significantly higher rates of abuse and misuse of prescription and street opioids among those who self-identify as having one or more mental disorders.
WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System)|Injury Center|CDC. (2019, September 18).
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.
Human Papilloma Virus
Birmingham, Wendy; Macintosh, Janelle; Vaughn Allison; Graff, Tyler (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Birmingham, Wendy (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
Background: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is transmitted between sexual partners. It is the most common sexually transmitted disease, affecting the majority of sexually active adults at some point. HPV can lead to various cancers, including anal, vaginal, vulva, cervical, penile and oral. Despite the prevalence of HPV within the population, vaccination rates for this virus are extremely low. This could be due to the fallacy that vaccinations are ineffective or unnecessary. Specifically, the misconception that HPV solely impacts women. We hypothesized that parents who do not vaccinate their children are more likely to believe these misconceptions, which could impact vaccine compliance in their boys.
Method: In this study, we surveyed 210 parents to gage their perceptions of the rarity of HPV viral infection among the sexes, the efficacy of vaccines in preventing disease, and the reported vaccination uptake of their children.
Results: We conducted several analyses using SPSS. In line with our hypothesis, results revealed that parents who do not believe that vaccines are effective do not vaccinate their children against HPV. While many parents agree that vaccines protect against disease, nearly half of these parents reported that they have not vaccinated their children against HPV. Contrary to our hypothesis, analysis regarding both boys and girls' necessity to be vaccinated did not show statistically significant results.
Conclusions: Taken together, these results show that parents who do not believe in the efficacy of vaccines indeed do not vaccinate their children against HPV. Furthermore, even though parents may believe that the HPV vaccine is effective, adherence to recommended vaccination is severely low. We hypothesized that this adherence gap would be related to the perception that HPV is a female issue; however, this belief was not shown in our results. Further study into parental justification behind their choice not to vaccinate is needed.
Faculty Advisor: Birmingham, Wendy (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
Background: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is transmitted between sexual partners. It is the most common sexually transmitted disease, affecting the majority of sexually active adults at some point. HPV can lead to various cancers, including anal, vaginal, vulva, cervical, penile and oral. Despite the prevalence of HPV within the population, vaccination rates for this virus are extremely low. This could be due to the fallacy that vaccinations are ineffective or unnecessary. Specifically, the misconception that HPV solely impacts women. We hypothesized that parents who do not vaccinate their children are more likely to believe these misconceptions, which could impact vaccine compliance in their boys.
Method: In this study, we surveyed 210 parents to gage their perceptions of the rarity of HPV viral infection among the sexes, the efficacy of vaccines in preventing disease, and the reported vaccination uptake of their children.
Results: We conducted several analyses using SPSS. In line with our hypothesis, results revealed that parents who do not believe that vaccines are effective do not vaccinate their children against HPV. While many parents agree that vaccines protect against disease, nearly half of these parents reported that they have not vaccinated their children against HPV. Contrary to our hypothesis, analysis regarding both boys and girls' necessity to be vaccinated did not show statistically significant results.
Conclusions: Taken together, these results show that parents who do not believe in the efficacy of vaccines indeed do not vaccinate their children against HPV. Furthermore, even though parents may believe that the HPV vaccine is effective, adherence to recommended vaccination is severely low. We hypothesized that this adherence gap would be related to the perception that HPV is a female issue; however, this belief was not shown in our results. Further study into parental justification behind their choice not to vaccinate is needed.
Gender Difference in Microbiota Composition Trends Among High-Risk ASD Individuals
Kamhout, Sarah; Eddington, Hyrum; Orr, Taylor; Gilliat, Stephen; Hayward, Tyler (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Lundwall, Rebecca (Family Home and Social Sciences, Psychology Department and Neuroscience Center)
Human stool contains microbiota that impact brain development and behavior through neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems. Prior studies on adults with autism show differences in microbiota between autistic and control subjects. Since microbiota are normally established early in life, we wanted to know if infants with older siblings with autism had different microbiotal abundance and variety than infants with no first-, second-, or third-degree relatives with autism. We were also interested in sex differences as historically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been diagnosed more often in boys.
We collected fecal samples from 36 children ages 3-24 months. 18 control samples (no first-, second-, or third-degree relatives with ASD) were matched for age and sex with 18 samples from children with an older sibling diagnosed with ASD. Following triplicate PCR amplification of a single DNA extraction, QIIME software was used to assign operational taxonomic units to each strain. PCoA and PERMANOVA were completed in R. These tests showed gut flora of high-risk individuals was significantly different than controls (p = .008). PCoA showed segregation of experimental from control samples (p = .037), most pronounced in female sub-population (p = .006). A differential abundance test was done with ANCOM. Levels of B. fragilis were significantly lower in the at-risk females (W = 560). One of the taxa groups with the most abundance, Lachnospiraceae, was also significantly lower in the at-risk group (W = 48).
This suggests that microbial markers, including B. fragilis, may help identify individuals at risk for ASD, particularly girls. This is consistent with other research on B. fragilis and ASD. Further study is necessary to determine the predictive accuracy of ASD diagnosis based on biomarkers including B. fragilis. More detailed understanding of the microbiome of at risk individuals may lead to earlier detection, intervention, and ultimately improved outcomes for ASD patients.
Faculty Advisor: Lundwall, Rebecca (Family Home and Social Sciences, Psychology Department and Neuroscience Center)
Human stool contains microbiota that impact brain development and behavior through neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems. Prior studies on adults with autism show differences in microbiota between autistic and control subjects. Since microbiota are normally established early in life, we wanted to know if infants with older siblings with autism had different microbiotal abundance and variety than infants with no first-, second-, or third-degree relatives with autism. We were also interested in sex differences as historically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been diagnosed more often in boys.
We collected fecal samples from 36 children ages 3-24 months. 18 control samples (no first-, second-, or third-degree relatives with ASD) were matched for age and sex with 18 samples from children with an older sibling diagnosed with ASD. Following triplicate PCR amplification of a single DNA extraction, QIIME software was used to assign operational taxonomic units to each strain. PCoA and PERMANOVA were completed in R. These tests showed gut flora of high-risk individuals was significantly different than controls (p = .008). PCoA showed segregation of experimental from control samples (p = .037), most pronounced in female sub-population (p = .006). A differential abundance test was done with ANCOM. Levels of B. fragilis were significantly lower in the at-risk females (W = 560). One of the taxa groups with the most abundance, Lachnospiraceae, was also significantly lower in the at-risk group (W = 48).
This suggests that microbial markers, including B. fragilis, may help identify individuals at risk for ASD, particularly girls. This is consistent with other research on B. fragilis and ASD. Further study is necessary to determine the predictive accuracy of ASD diagnosis based on biomarkers including B. fragilis. More detailed understanding of the microbiome of at risk individuals may lead to earlier detection, intervention, and ultimately improved outcomes for ASD patients.
Individuality in the Southwest: Brushstroke Analysis on Pindedale Polychrome Vessels
Van Kuren, Scott; Dahle, Wendy (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Allison Jim (Family Life Sciences, Anthropology)
I am researching individuality in the design on Pinedale Polychrome Vessels from Fourmile Ruin. Specifically, I will be researching individuality through brushstroke execution based off the research of Scott Van Kuren. According to Van Kuren, variation in the execution of the design can organize pottery style into non-local and local designs, with a specific focus on the individual or specific potter group that created these vessels. Individuality can be seen through choice in variation in design, brushstroke placement and layout. This project is meant to mimic this research on Pinedale Polychrome from Fourmile Ruin to see if this can be applied to a different type of White Mesa vessels. If Van Kuren's theory is correct, then this research should present a variation of individual choices present in this set of Pinedale Polychrome vessels.
Faculty Advisor: Allison Jim (Family Life Sciences, Anthropology)
I am researching individuality in the design on Pinedale Polychrome Vessels from Fourmile Ruin. Specifically, I will be researching individuality through brushstroke execution based off the research of Scott Van Kuren. According to Van Kuren, variation in the execution of the design can organize pottery style into non-local and local designs, with a specific focus on the individual or specific potter group that created these vessels. Individuality can be seen through choice in variation in design, brushstroke placement and layout. This project is meant to mimic this research on Pinedale Polychrome from Fourmile Ruin to see if this can be applied to a different type of White Mesa vessels. If Van Kuren's theory is correct, then this research should present a variation of individual choices present in this set of Pinedale Polychrome vessels.
Emerging Consequences from Transgenerational Trauma in Haiti, DR Congo, and the United States
James, Marissa; Stevens, Colton; Johnson, Jannea; Gonzalez-Lishman, Diego (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: O'Grady, Kari (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
The awareness of significant global traumas and their impact on future generations has been acknowledged by the scientific community. The degree of consequences from trauma transmission between generations is only recently finding light, and the potential areas for trying to alleviate these consequences is yet to be explored. BYU's Organizational Psychology and Societal Resilience Lab conducted a qualitative meta-analysis on interview data from locals during the Ferguson events, Haiti & China earthquake survivors, and DR Congo sexual trauma victims. Survivors of these traumas carry an altered perception of their trauma and lives in general that distorts their self and cultural place in the world. Patterns of time distortion, poor familial interactions, and faulty processing are major patterns among these cross-cultural samples. The emotionally haunted parent(s) passes on an uncommunicated ghost on to his/her offspring that manifests in ways that often still keep the true, original trauma buried. Each family exists within a community system that often has parallel transmission cycles as well as communal historical experience that creates a large-group transgenerational trauma crisis. The silence becomes the story, and the effects of the trauma lives on. The cyclical transmission can carry on infinitely, without recognition or awareness. Observations of these experiences suggest that there is a critical role for addressing and grounding trauma before, during, and after the time that it becomes transgenerational.
Faculty Advisor: O'Grady, Kari (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
The awareness of significant global traumas and their impact on future generations has been acknowledged by the scientific community. The degree of consequences from trauma transmission between generations is only recently finding light, and the potential areas for trying to alleviate these consequences is yet to be explored. BYU's Organizational Psychology and Societal Resilience Lab conducted a qualitative meta-analysis on interview data from locals during the Ferguson events, Haiti & China earthquake survivors, and DR Congo sexual trauma victims. Survivors of these traumas carry an altered perception of their trauma and lives in general that distorts their self and cultural place in the world. Patterns of time distortion, poor familial interactions, and faulty processing are major patterns among these cross-cultural samples. The emotionally haunted parent(s) passes on an uncommunicated ghost on to his/her offspring that manifests in ways that often still keep the true, original trauma buried. Each family exists within a community system that often has parallel transmission cycles as well as communal historical experience that creates a large-group transgenerational trauma crisis. The silence becomes the story, and the effects of the trauma lives on. The cyclical transmission can carry on infinitely, without recognition or awareness. Observations of these experiences suggest that there is a critical role for addressing and grounding trauma before, during, and after the time that it becomes transgenerational.
Exploring the Sexual Experience and Habits of Latter-Day Saints
Barton, Melissa. (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Anderson, Chris (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science Department)
Sex is an important element in the building and maintenance of a successful marriage. The subject of marital sexual relations from a national perspective has been studied (Kinsey, 2010). There also exists much research data specific to conservative Christian populations on this subject (Crosby, 2008). Little research that looks specifically at the sexual beliefs, experiences, and expectations within the community of the active members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints has been conducted. This research provides a baseline and will aid individuals and their clinicians in the support of the health and healing of marriages. This researcher will be presenting what has been discovered in regards to the sexual attitudes and practices among-st the active LDS population.
This research is intended to begin the process of creating a baseline of data that could ultimately change the conversations and even the conventions of the LDS community surrounding elements of sexuality in marriage. This data could assist Marriage Counselors and Sex Therapists in understanding the true nature of sex inside this culture, particularly in regards to LDS women.
This research will be conducted anonymously and with high regard to confidentiality utilizing a Qualtrics survey. This is the first step in a process this researcher is interested in exploring. This report illuminates the sexual attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of active LDS women ages 35-55, it is anticipated that 100 individuals will participate.
Crosby, Cindy. "The Best Sex (Survey) Ever!" Today's Christian Woman, 12 Sept. 2008, www.todayschristianwoman.com/articles/2008/september/best-sex-survey-ever.html.
Kinsey,"FAQs And Sex Information." Historical Report: Diversity of Sexual Orientation, Indiana University, 2010, kinseyinstitute.org/research/faq.php.
Faculty Advisor: Anderson, Chris (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science Department)
Sex is an important element in the building and maintenance of a successful marriage. The subject of marital sexual relations from a national perspective has been studied (Kinsey, 2010). There also exists much research data specific to conservative Christian populations on this subject (Crosby, 2008). Little research that looks specifically at the sexual beliefs, experiences, and expectations within the community of the active members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints has been conducted. This research provides a baseline and will aid individuals and their clinicians in the support of the health and healing of marriages. This researcher will be presenting what has been discovered in regards to the sexual attitudes and practices among-st the active LDS population.
This research is intended to begin the process of creating a baseline of data that could ultimately change the conversations and even the conventions of the LDS community surrounding elements of sexuality in marriage. This data could assist Marriage Counselors and Sex Therapists in understanding the true nature of sex inside this culture, particularly in regards to LDS women.
This research will be conducted anonymously and with high regard to confidentiality utilizing a Qualtrics survey. This is the first step in a process this researcher is interested in exploring. This report illuminates the sexual attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of active LDS women ages 35-55, it is anticipated that 100 individuals will participate.
Crosby, Cindy. "The Best Sex (Survey) Ever!" Today's Christian Woman, 12 Sept. 2008, www.todayschristianwoman.com/articles/2008/september/best-sex-survey-ever.html.
Kinsey,"FAQs And Sex Information." Historical Report: Diversity of Sexual Orientation, Indiana University, 2010, kinseyinstitute.org/research/faq.php.
Does My Child's Educational Success Depend on Me? A Qualitative Field Study of the Attitudes and Beliefs on Parental Involvement in Education throughout Malawi.
Foster, Kathryn (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Child, Curtis (Brigham Young University, Sociology)
Parental involvement in a child's schooling is vital in the academic performance of a child. Malawi, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, passed a law in 1994 stating primary education would be free for the public. However, there are extenuating circumstances that prohibit a child from attending primary school. Currently less than half of children in Malawi finish primary school.
In a qualitative study conducted in Malawi, over 30 parents were randomly selected from different districts throughout the country. Parents were interviewed about their beliefs and attitudes regarding their children's education, and what they believed their role was, or if they had a role in the child's educational success. These parents were also questioned about their own educational journey, such as if their parents helped them with their education and what factors either prevented or facilitated their success as a student.
Over 30 teachers were also randomly selected throughout Malawi to be interviewed about parental involvement in education. These teachers were asked about what they observe with respect to parents in their children's education, as well as what they believe to be important in a student's academic performance.
Through analysis of the data collected, one sees a discrepancy between parents and teachers and their beliefs about a child's education. Of the parents interviewed, it seemed as if their involvement in education revolved more around providing their children with the materials they needed for school rather than caring about their grades and or attendance. Parents seemed to believe that success would not come from education, but rather farming. Teachers believed that parents caring about attendance and grades would improve the performance of students. These findings are important to show where there are discrepancies in parental involvement in a child's education and how this can be changed to improve a child's academic performance.
Faculty Advisor: Child, Curtis (Brigham Young University, Sociology)
Parental involvement in a child's schooling is vital in the academic performance of a child. Malawi, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, passed a law in 1994 stating primary education would be free for the public. However, there are extenuating circumstances that prohibit a child from attending primary school. Currently less than half of children in Malawi finish primary school.
In a qualitative study conducted in Malawi, over 30 parents were randomly selected from different districts throughout the country. Parents were interviewed about their beliefs and attitudes regarding their children's education, and what they believed their role was, or if they had a role in the child's educational success. These parents were also questioned about their own educational journey, such as if their parents helped them with their education and what factors either prevented or facilitated their success as a student.
Over 30 teachers were also randomly selected throughout Malawi to be interviewed about parental involvement in education. These teachers were asked about what they observe with respect to parents in their children's education, as well as what they believe to be important in a student's academic performance.
Through analysis of the data collected, one sees a discrepancy between parents and teachers and their beliefs about a child's education. Of the parents interviewed, it seemed as if their involvement in education revolved more around providing their children with the materials they needed for school rather than caring about their grades and or attendance. Parents seemed to believe that success would not come from education, but rather farming. Teachers believed that parents caring about attendance and grades would improve the performance of students. These findings are important to show where there are discrepancies in parental involvement in a child's education and how this can be changed to improve a child's academic performance.
Exploring consumer travel mode decision making
Garrison, Mackenzie; (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Graul, Antje (Jon M. Huntsman School of Business, Marketing and Strategy Department); Thompson, Greg (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
The means of transportation is forever changing and just recently multiple means of electric transport have emerged in our cities. People are taking full advantage of all means of transportation but the framework for decision making has not adapted to include all means of transport. Current frameworks are largely utilitarian based and do not account for a large portion of travel mode choice behaviors. The goal for this project was to identify alternate decision frameworks for understanding and modeling consumers' personal travel mode choices and determine the appropriateness of a non-compensatory Maslow-like framework for explaining consumers decision making processes for travel mode choice. To complete this goal, we followed two objectives:
1) Qualitatively determine the structure and contents of consumers' pre-consumption perceived satisfaction of needs for understanding the personal transportation mode choice decision-making process and consumers' intention to engage into a particular mode of transport from a consumer behavior perspective, and
2) Quantitatively validate the proposed framework by taking both pre-consumption perceptions and post-consumption evaluations into consideration.
To collect data, we used two means of research: conducting focus groups and collecting surveys. This allowed us to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. From this data we concluded that travel mode decisions are influenced by a number of factors ranging from convenience to environmental concern. Depending on the type of transportation, some factors were considered more than others. Some factors included health when bicycling, traffic when driving an independent vehicle, and relationship building with bicycle and scooter share. As we predicted, there are many factors, both utilitarian and non-utilitarian, that drive transportation decision making.
Faculty Advisor: Graul, Antje (Jon M. Huntsman School of Business, Marketing and Strategy Department); Thompson, Greg (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
The means of transportation is forever changing and just recently multiple means of electric transport have emerged in our cities. People are taking full advantage of all means of transportation but the framework for decision making has not adapted to include all means of transport. Current frameworks are largely utilitarian based and do not account for a large portion of travel mode choice behaviors. The goal for this project was to identify alternate decision frameworks for understanding and modeling consumers' personal travel mode choices and determine the appropriateness of a non-compensatory Maslow-like framework for explaining consumers decision making processes for travel mode choice. To complete this goal, we followed two objectives:
1) Qualitatively determine the structure and contents of consumers' pre-consumption perceived satisfaction of needs for understanding the personal transportation mode choice decision-making process and consumers' intention to engage into a particular mode of transport from a consumer behavior perspective, and
2) Quantitatively validate the proposed framework by taking both pre-consumption perceptions and post-consumption evaluations into consideration.
To collect data, we used two means of research: conducting focus groups and collecting surveys. This allowed us to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. From this data we concluded that travel mode decisions are influenced by a number of factors ranging from convenience to environmental concern. Depending on the type of transportation, some factors were considered more than others. Some factors included health when bicycling, traffic when driving an independent vehicle, and relationship building with bicycle and scooter share. As we predicted, there are many factors, both utilitarian and non-utilitarian, that drive transportation decision making.
How first-generation students are perceived in Utah.
Kortesmaki, Victoria (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Nagaishi, Garrett (Utah Valley University, I Am First)
This research addresses the limiting labels and language attributed to first-generation college students and the stereotypes imposed upon them. Stereotypes such as belonging to low-income families, having little family support as they are the first in their family to go to college, little academic preparation, and little commitment to a college education. The "first-generation" label itself is something that has been discussed more in recent years and has brought these stereotypes into the light. This has prompted us, as first-generation students ourselves, to study what continuing-generation college students think of first-generation college students' potential and educational choices. We used Utah Valley University's definition of first-generation college student for this research, "if neither parent/guardian has completed a U.S. bachelor's degree" the student is considered a first-generation college student. Previous research indicates that first-generation college students have different learning and career outcomes. We created and distributed a survey among Utah Valley University students asking them a series of questions that related to first-generation college students and the stereotypes associated with them. We also surveyed first-generation college students about their perceptions of themselves. Our study found that while there are stereotypes associated with first-generation college students, not all of them are consistent with how first-generation college students perceive themselves.
Faculty Advisor: Nagaishi, Garrett (Utah Valley University, I Am First)
This research addresses the limiting labels and language attributed to first-generation college students and the stereotypes imposed upon them. Stereotypes such as belonging to low-income families, having little family support as they are the first in their family to go to college, little academic preparation, and little commitment to a college education. The "first-generation" label itself is something that has been discussed more in recent years and has brought these stereotypes into the light. This has prompted us, as first-generation students ourselves, to study what continuing-generation college students think of first-generation college students' potential and educational choices. We used Utah Valley University's definition of first-generation college student for this research, "if neither parent/guardian has completed a U.S. bachelor's degree" the student is considered a first-generation college student. Previous research indicates that first-generation college students have different learning and career outcomes. We created and distributed a survey among Utah Valley University students asking them a series of questions that related to first-generation college students and the stereotypes associated with them. We also surveyed first-generation college students about their perceptions of themselves. Our study found that while there are stereotypes associated with first-generation college students, not all of them are consistent with how first-generation college students perceive themselves.
Early Plasma Cortisol Concentrations are Associated with Later Parenting Behaviors in Female Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
Halter, Colt; Jacobsen, Natalia; Wood, Elizabeth; Capitanio, John; Higley, James (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Higley, James (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
Studies show that early parent-infant attachment categorization is not only predictive of child outcomes, but also second-generation parenting behavior. Few studies, however, have longitudinally assessed how infant behavior inhibition affects future adult parenting styles. Studies show that behavior inhibition is interindividually stable across time and situation, with elevated plasma cortisol levels serving as a marker of anxious temperament. In this study, we investigate the relationship between infant cortisol concentrations and later parenting behavior. We hypothesized that high cortisol levels in infancy would predict deficits in maternal behaviors later in adulthood. Due to their biological and behavioral similarities to humans, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used. The subjects were 123 females, first studied when they were 3-4 months of age, underwent a 25-hour mother-infant separation, during which four blood samples were obtained: one at 2-hours, 7-hours, 11.5-hours, and 12-hours post-separation. 3-5 years later, these same subjects were observed as mothers, and four 300-second observations of maternal behaviors that are traditionally associated with the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship were obtained—infant approaches and leaves, and mutual-ventral contact. Other behavioral measures that characterize rhesus monkey anxiety, including self-directed behaviors, were also recorded. Controlling for infant age and sex, results showed that infant cortisol predicted adult maternal deficits, with high cortisol concentrations predicting high rates of infant approaches and leaves (p<.03) and low rates of mutual ventral contact (p<.03). High cortisol concentrations also predicted mothers' anxiety-like self-directed behaviors (p=.04). These results suggest that females with high cortisol as infants show anxiety-like behaviors as adults and exhibit deficient parenting behaviors, leading their infants to drive the mother-infant relationship. To the extent that these results generalize to humans, this study lends empirical evidence to the proposed relationship between early life anxiety and deficits in later parenting behaviors.
Faculty Advisor: Higley, James (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
Studies show that early parent-infant attachment categorization is not only predictive of child outcomes, but also second-generation parenting behavior. Few studies, however, have longitudinally assessed how infant behavior inhibition affects future adult parenting styles. Studies show that behavior inhibition is interindividually stable across time and situation, with elevated plasma cortisol levels serving as a marker of anxious temperament. In this study, we investigate the relationship between infant cortisol concentrations and later parenting behavior. We hypothesized that high cortisol levels in infancy would predict deficits in maternal behaviors later in adulthood. Due to their biological and behavioral similarities to humans, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used. The subjects were 123 females, first studied when they were 3-4 months of age, underwent a 25-hour mother-infant separation, during which four blood samples were obtained: one at 2-hours, 7-hours, 11.5-hours, and 12-hours post-separation. 3-5 years later, these same subjects were observed as mothers, and four 300-second observations of maternal behaviors that are traditionally associated with the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship were obtained—infant approaches and leaves, and mutual-ventral contact. Other behavioral measures that characterize rhesus monkey anxiety, including self-directed behaviors, were also recorded. Controlling for infant age and sex, results showed that infant cortisol predicted adult maternal deficits, with high cortisol concentrations predicting high rates of infant approaches and leaves (p<.03) and low rates of mutual ventral contact (p<.03). High cortisol concentrations also predicted mothers' anxiety-like self-directed behaviors (p=.04). These results suggest that females with high cortisol as infants show anxiety-like behaviors as adults and exhibit deficient parenting behaviors, leading their infants to drive the mother-infant relationship. To the extent that these results generalize to humans, this study lends empirical evidence to the proposed relationship between early life anxiety and deficits in later parenting behaviors.
Homeschooling as an Expression of Maternal Agency and Autonomy among Latter-day Saint Women in Utah
Garner, McKenna (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Haug, Jordan (Brigham Young University, Anthropology); Thompson, Greg (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
Homeschooling has long existed as somewhat of a countercultural alternative to educating children in the United States, and it has grown in popularity nationwide since the beginning of the modern homeschool movement in the 1970s. As of 2016, there were about 16,085 school-age children being homeschooled in Utah (Utah State Board of Education Superintendent's Annual Report 2016), though this number has likely increased as the homeschool movement has continued to sweep the nation. While there exists a sufficient amount of research on the educational outcomes of homeschooled children, the research lacks the perspectives of the mothers who are taking on the responsibility to homeschool their children. This project is focused on understanding why mothers, specifically those of the Latter-day Saint faith, choose to homeschool and what their individual experiences look like. Using ethnographic methods such as participant-observation and person-centered interviews, I sought to understand the experiences of 28 different homeschooling mothers in Utah. The data from interviews suggest that, from the perspective of my informants, there is a clear connection between the responsibilities of homeschooling and the responsibilities of motherhood. My observations also show unique methods of homeschooling within each family that echo unique approaches to mothering. While some arguments exist about the gendered inequalities that homeschooling may perpetuate, I argue that homeschooling mothers demonstrate a great deal of agency and autonomy within their homes, which in turn supports the religious ideologies of these women related to their "divine" roles as mothers and "equal partnership" with their husbands (The Family: A Proclamation to the World).
Faculty Advisor: Haug, Jordan (Brigham Young University, Anthropology); Thompson, Greg (Brigham Young University, Anthropology)
Homeschooling has long existed as somewhat of a countercultural alternative to educating children in the United States, and it has grown in popularity nationwide since the beginning of the modern homeschool movement in the 1970s. As of 2016, there were about 16,085 school-age children being homeschooled in Utah (Utah State Board of Education Superintendent's Annual Report 2016), though this number has likely increased as the homeschool movement has continued to sweep the nation. While there exists a sufficient amount of research on the educational outcomes of homeschooled children, the research lacks the perspectives of the mothers who are taking on the responsibility to homeschool their children. This project is focused on understanding why mothers, specifically those of the Latter-day Saint faith, choose to homeschool and what their individual experiences look like. Using ethnographic methods such as participant-observation and person-centered interviews, I sought to understand the experiences of 28 different homeschooling mothers in Utah. The data from interviews suggest that, from the perspective of my informants, there is a clear connection between the responsibilities of homeschooling and the responsibilities of motherhood. My observations also show unique methods of homeschooling within each family that echo unique approaches to mothering. While some arguments exist about the gendered inequalities that homeschooling may perpetuate, I argue that homeschooling mothers demonstrate a great deal of agency and autonomy within their homes, which in turn supports the religious ideologies of these women related to their "divine" roles as mothers and "equal partnership" with their husbands (The Family: A Proclamation to the World).
PTSD Levels and Trauma Type Differences between Genders in Veterans Enrolled in Postsecondary Education
Chevrier, Amy; Hinkson, Kent; Brooks, Malisa; Bryan, Craig (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science)
According to the National Center for PTSD, approximately 8% of the US population will experience PTSD in their lives. An average of 10% of women, compared to 4% of men, will suffer from PTSD in their lifetime. Those struggling with PTSD have difficulty sleeping, irritability, trauma-related nightmares, often avoid leaving their house, and several other adverse symptoms. Certain populations appear to experience more trauma, and thus endorse higher rates of PTSD. Among veterans, the rates of PTSD are significantly higher, with upwards of 18-30% of veterans meeting criteria for PTSD. Some studies have found more than 45% of student veterans with likely PTSD. While research has shown that there is a relationship between trauma type and prevalence of PTSD, as well as shown differences between men and women, this information is not available for student veterans. This study sought to answer if there is a difference in the severity level of PTSD and the type of trauma a person experienced and their gender. Student veterans (n=348) from across the country participated in this study. The results generally showed no significant difference in the severity or prevalence scores across trauma types. However, among those who experienced sexual assault, there were some interesting findings across genders. Men who reported being sexually assaulted endorsed more intrusion symptoms than women, along with more severe alterations to cognition and mood, while 57.14% percent of women (36.14% of men) endorsed full PTSD symptoms after a sexual assault. However, more men (96.39%) screened like for major depressive disorder after a sexual assault than women (73.68%). These results illustrate differences across gender in processing sexual assault and provide insight into potential considerations for treatment.
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science)
According to the National Center for PTSD, approximately 8% of the US population will experience PTSD in their lives. An average of 10% of women, compared to 4% of men, will suffer from PTSD in their lifetime. Those struggling with PTSD have difficulty sleeping, irritability, trauma-related nightmares, often avoid leaving their house, and several other adverse symptoms. Certain populations appear to experience more trauma, and thus endorse higher rates of PTSD. Among veterans, the rates of PTSD are significantly higher, with upwards of 18-30% of veterans meeting criteria for PTSD. Some studies have found more than 45% of student veterans with likely PTSD. While research has shown that there is a relationship between trauma type and prevalence of PTSD, as well as shown differences between men and women, this information is not available for student veterans. This study sought to answer if there is a difference in the severity level of PTSD and the type of trauma a person experienced and their gender. Student veterans (n=348) from across the country participated in this study. The results generally showed no significant difference in the severity or prevalence scores across trauma types. However, among those who experienced sexual assault, there were some interesting findings across genders. Men who reported being sexually assaulted endorsed more intrusion symptoms than women, along with more severe alterations to cognition and mood, while 57.14% percent of women (36.14% of men) endorsed full PTSD symptoms after a sexual assault. However, more men (96.39%) screened like for major depressive disorder after a sexual assault than women (73.68%). These results illustrate differences across gender in processing sexual assault and provide insight into potential considerations for treatment.
Structural Violence Against the Black Motherhood
Bostick, Aubrey; Hill, Huiying (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Hill, Huiying (Weber State University, Sociology and Anthropology)
Infant mortality rates for black women are significantly higher than white women. More specifically, during high risk pregnancies. These include pregnancies for women before the age of 20, and between the ages of 40-54. Through quantitative and qualitative secondary analysis utilizing conflict theory, the research indicates environmental and socioeconomic impacts derived from eugenicist practices that uniquely impact black pregnant women. Eugenicist practices are at the root of infant mortality rates for pregnant black women as a consequence of exploitation that formulates modern reproductive care. First, environmental factors to be explored include food deserts, gentrification, geographic location to healthcare centers, and pollution. These factors are essential to explore because they directly create internal factors. Which is why the second area of exploration is the stress of being a pregnant black woman. These factors include societal pressure, medical pressure, and a lack of preventative reproductive and post pregnancy care. Both environmental and internal factors stem from cyclical poverty, and produce chronic healthcare conditions that yield infant mortality. This research offers the unique consideration of diet, and disproportionate access to medical care while encompassing the history of modern reproductive care. This research has the capacity to create a dynamic approach to reducing infant mortality rates specifically for at-risk pregnant black women.
Faculty Advisor: Hill, Huiying (Weber State University, Sociology and Anthropology)
Infant mortality rates for black women are significantly higher than white women. More specifically, during high risk pregnancies. These include pregnancies for women before the age of 20, and between the ages of 40-54. Through quantitative and qualitative secondary analysis utilizing conflict theory, the research indicates environmental and socioeconomic impacts derived from eugenicist practices that uniquely impact black pregnant women. Eugenicist practices are at the root of infant mortality rates for pregnant black women as a consequence of exploitation that formulates modern reproductive care. First, environmental factors to be explored include food deserts, gentrification, geographic location to healthcare centers, and pollution. These factors are essential to explore because they directly create internal factors. Which is why the second area of exploration is the stress of being a pregnant black woman. These factors include societal pressure, medical pressure, and a lack of preventative reproductive and post pregnancy care. Both environmental and internal factors stem from cyclical poverty, and produce chronic healthcare conditions that yield infant mortality. This research offers the unique consideration of diet, and disproportionate access to medical care while encompassing the history of modern reproductive care. This research has the capacity to create a dynamic approach to reducing infant mortality rates specifically for at-risk pregnant black women.
Sex & Gender Attributes in Rock Art in Six Counties in Utah
Shipley, Samantha (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Stevenson, Dr. Mark (Social & Behavioral Sciences, Sociology & Anthropology); Arkush, Dr. Brooke (Social & Behavioral Sciences, Sociology & Anthropology); Yoder, Dr. David (Social & Behavioral Sciences, Sociology & Anthropology)
This study evaluates the ways that gender and women's roles are interpreted in Utah rock art. Over 750 rock art images in the following six counties in Utah were evaluated: Box Elder (47 images), Carbon (488 images), Juab (16 images), Millard (100 images), Tooele (33 images), and Utah (73 images). Along with a review of relevant literature, the study drew on rock art site forms to review any indication of sex/gender attributes. Though some rock art can be more easily interpreted, most is open to interpretation and requires extensive knowledge on the culture and ethnographic analysis. There were not many panels that displayed gender attributes. However, we cannot be sure that anthropomorphic figures did not represent both males and females. Though some rock art motifs can be more easily interpreted, most require extensive knowledge on the culture and ethnographic analysis to reach a probable conclusion. Identifying sex and gender within rock art motifs can be difficult without understanding the cultural construction as we oftentimes have biases and cultural assumptions of our own. Understanding social roles in native Utahn populations is beneficial for furthering anthropological research in the area.
Faculty Advisor: Stevenson, Dr. Mark (Social & Behavioral Sciences, Sociology & Anthropology); Arkush, Dr. Brooke (Social & Behavioral Sciences, Sociology & Anthropology); Yoder, Dr. David (Social & Behavioral Sciences, Sociology & Anthropology)
This study evaluates the ways that gender and women's roles are interpreted in Utah rock art. Over 750 rock art images in the following six counties in Utah were evaluated: Box Elder (47 images), Carbon (488 images), Juab (16 images), Millard (100 images), Tooele (33 images), and Utah (73 images). Along with a review of relevant literature, the study drew on rock art site forms to review any indication of sex/gender attributes. Though some rock art can be more easily interpreted, most is open to interpretation and requires extensive knowledge on the culture and ethnographic analysis. There were not many panels that displayed gender attributes. However, we cannot be sure that anthropomorphic figures did not represent both males and females. Though some rock art motifs can be more easily interpreted, most require extensive knowledge on the culture and ethnographic analysis to reach a probable conclusion. Identifying sex and gender within rock art motifs can be difficult without understanding the cultural construction as we oftentimes have biases and cultural assumptions of our own. Understanding social roles in native Utahn populations is beneficial for furthering anthropological research in the area.
Taking Breaks: Comparing the Impact of Mindfulness versus Social Media
Lotulelei, Tiffany; Darowski, Emily; Erekson, David (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Darowski, Emily (Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library); Erekson, David (Brigham Young University, Counseling and Psychological Services)
Social media is becoming an increasingly popular means of communication and content sharing; this rise is especially prevalent among young adults, including university students. We are not aware of any research that has examined the impact, positive or negative, of using social media during study breaks. Current research has shown that mindfulness - defined as being non-judgmentally aware of the present moment - is negatively associated with social media use and is a common intervention for many of the negative outcomes that are associated with excessive social media use. It remains unknown, however, whether a brief mindfulness practice during a study break impacts university students, and how that effect compares to the effect of other study break activities, including social media use. The purpose of this research project was to compare the effect of three different types of study breaks: using social media, participating in mindfulness meditation, or simply sitting (control group). College students were placed in a setting where they were asked to complete a remote associates task (RAT). In the midst of the difficult task, they were given a break period and, depending on the condition, spent the break either practicing mindfulness, using social media, or simply sitting quietly. Pre/post ratings of mindfulness, stress, and anxiety were gathered along with performance measures on the RAT task. Preliminary data shows that the mindfulness break decreases feelings of stress and anxiety compared to the social media break. RAT performance was not affected, but this may represent a floor effect. These findings suggest that compared to social media, mindfulness is a more effective break in reducing anxiety and stress for university students. Students can use this knowledge to help them engage in more effective study strategies. More research is needed to determine whether using social media or practicing mindfulness impacts one's performance.
Faculty Advisor: Darowski, Emily (Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library); Erekson, David (Brigham Young University, Counseling and Psychological Services)
Social media is becoming an increasingly popular means of communication and content sharing; this rise is especially prevalent among young adults, including university students. We are not aware of any research that has examined the impact, positive or negative, of using social media during study breaks. Current research has shown that mindfulness - defined as being non-judgmentally aware of the present moment - is negatively associated with social media use and is a common intervention for many of the negative outcomes that are associated with excessive social media use. It remains unknown, however, whether a brief mindfulness practice during a study break impacts university students, and how that effect compares to the effect of other study break activities, including social media use. The purpose of this research project was to compare the effect of three different types of study breaks: using social media, participating in mindfulness meditation, or simply sitting (control group). College students were placed in a setting where they were asked to complete a remote associates task (RAT). In the midst of the difficult task, they were given a break period and, depending on the condition, spent the break either practicing mindfulness, using social media, or simply sitting quietly. Pre/post ratings of mindfulness, stress, and anxiety were gathered along with performance measures on the RAT task. Preliminary data shows that the mindfulness break decreases feelings of stress and anxiety compared to the social media break. RAT performance was not affected, but this may represent a floor effect. These findings suggest that compared to social media, mindfulness is a more effective break in reducing anxiety and stress for university students. Students can use this knowledge to help them engage in more effective study strategies. More research is needed to determine whether using social media or practicing mindfulness impacts one's performance.
Reeducation or Genocide? The Hidden Torture of Millions of Chinese Citizens
Abdulla, Munawwar; Bovingdon, Gardner; Brophy, David; Cabras, Giulia; Dillon, Michael; Friedrichs, Jorg; Hess, Steve; Holdstock, Nick; Ingram, Ruth; Langfitt, Frank; Roberts, Sean; Schluessel, Eric; Shapiro, Ari; Smith-Finley, Joanne; Torrey, Zachary; Veselic, Maja; Yuan, Zhenjie; Zang, Xiaowei; Zhang, Shawn (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Larsen, Kirk (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; History); Schill, Steve (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Geography)
The westernmost Chinese province of Xinjiang has in recent years become a hotbed of turmoil. The largest ethnic group in the region, the ethnically-Turkic Uyghur people, has been facing a systematic persecution by the Chinese government; most notably, this includes their forcible placement into "reeducation camps" across the province. Out of the more than eleven million Uyghurs in Xinjiang, it is estimated that up to a million are currently interned in one of these camps ("China's repression", 2018). One especially defining feature of the Uyghur people is their practice of Islam; it is said that they have traditionally practiced Islam since the 15th century, and mosques are prevalent across the cities of Xinjiang (Veselic, 2011; "Authorities in Xinjiang", 2017). The Uyghurs and religion of Islam are tied in such a tight ethnoreligious way that in this review the term Uyghur may generally be used to refer to a Uyghur Muslim in specific (Veselic, 2011). Islam, along with other defining characteristics, set the Uyghurs apart in stark contrast from the Han Chinese majority that makes up over 91% of China's total population (Zang, 2015; Roberts, 2018). In this presentation, I will look at a variety of factors that the Chinese government uses to justify the internment of the Uyghur people. I will also use ArcGIS Pro technology to examine satellite images and camp records to map the current extent of the reeducation camps, in an effort to follow what has already taken place and what the future will have in store for the Uyghur people.
Faculty Advisor: Larsen, Kirk (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; History); Schill, Steve (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Geography)
The westernmost Chinese province of Xinjiang has in recent years become a hotbed of turmoil. The largest ethnic group in the region, the ethnically-Turkic Uyghur people, has been facing a systematic persecution by the Chinese government; most notably, this includes their forcible placement into "reeducation camps" across the province. Out of the more than eleven million Uyghurs in Xinjiang, it is estimated that up to a million are currently interned in one of these camps ("China's repression", 2018). One especially defining feature of the Uyghur people is their practice of Islam; it is said that they have traditionally practiced Islam since the 15th century, and mosques are prevalent across the cities of Xinjiang (Veselic, 2011; "Authorities in Xinjiang", 2017). The Uyghurs and religion of Islam are tied in such a tight ethnoreligious way that in this review the term Uyghur may generally be used to refer to a Uyghur Muslim in specific (Veselic, 2011). Islam, along with other defining characteristics, set the Uyghurs apart in stark contrast from the Han Chinese majority that makes up over 91% of China's total population (Zang, 2015; Roberts, 2018). In this presentation, I will look at a variety of factors that the Chinese government uses to justify the internment of the Uyghur people. I will also use ArcGIS Pro technology to examine satellite images and camp records to map the current extent of the reeducation camps, in an effort to follow what has already taken place and what the future will have in store for the Uyghur people.
Saddam Hussein's Use of Memorialism to Build Iraqi Nationalism: A Case Study on Dictatorial Regime Behavior
Allred, Madison; Otterstrom, Samuel (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Otterstrom, Samuel(Brigham Young University, Family, Home and Social Sciences, Geography)
Over the past 20 years the behavior of dictatorial regimes have been studied in various social science fields, but so far the extension of analysis into the field of Geography has been minimal. I show that not only can Geography shed valuable light onto these issues, but it is essential to incorporate geographical findings into the global discussion of protecting the sanctity of life and promoting peace.
I aim to show how dictators use the geographic principle of memorialism and change the urban and human landscape to build nationalism in fractured states. I have narrowed the scope of my research by using the reign of Saddam Hussein as a case study. He is the perfect focus for this case study because his reign had a definitive beginning and end, his works are relatively well documented and his name is well known in academic communities as well as by the general populus. Since I want my research to make an impact and grab the attention of academia as well as policy makers, choosing a person that held the fascination of the American public for years was critical.
By examining the available data and utilizing GIS, we are able to come to conclusions of Saddam Hussein's behavior and find correlations only observable by mapping and spatially analyzing the data. My research is relevant not only to the field of Geography, but can be useful to decisions on US Foreign Policy. If it can be proven that Saddam Hussein and other similar dictators utilize memorialism, can evidence of memorialism be used as a key indicator in various foreign policy decisions? If dictators use memorialism to build nationalism, can memorialism be used preventatively in fractured states to prevent the rise of potentially bloody dictatorial regimes? The results of my research call for further action and analysis to be taken by academics and subsequent political action based upon their findings.
Faculty Advisor: Otterstrom, Samuel(Brigham Young University, Family, Home and Social Sciences, Geography)
Over the past 20 years the behavior of dictatorial regimes have been studied in various social science fields, but so far the extension of analysis into the field of Geography has been minimal. I show that not only can Geography shed valuable light onto these issues, but it is essential to incorporate geographical findings into the global discussion of protecting the sanctity of life and promoting peace.
I aim to show how dictators use the geographic principle of memorialism and change the urban and human landscape to build nationalism in fractured states. I have narrowed the scope of my research by using the reign of Saddam Hussein as a case study. He is the perfect focus for this case study because his reign had a definitive beginning and end, his works are relatively well documented and his name is well known in academic communities as well as by the general populus. Since I want my research to make an impact and grab the attention of academia as well as policy makers, choosing a person that held the fascination of the American public for years was critical.
By examining the available data and utilizing GIS, we are able to come to conclusions of Saddam Hussein's behavior and find correlations only observable by mapping and spatially analyzing the data. My research is relevant not only to the field of Geography, but can be useful to decisions on US Foreign Policy. If it can be proven that Saddam Hussein and other similar dictators utilize memorialism, can evidence of memorialism be used as a key indicator in various foreign policy decisions? If dictators use memorialism to build nationalism, can memorialism be used preventatively in fractured states to prevent the rise of potentially bloody dictatorial regimes? The results of my research call for further action and analysis to be taken by academics and subsequent political action based upon their findings.
Speech perception of various acoustic structures in children with speech delay with and without dyslexia
Ipsen, Melannee; Allen, Audrey; Urness, Katherine; Thacker, Melinda; Cabbage, Kathryn (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Cabbage, Kathryn (McKay School of Education, Communication Disorders)
Speech delays affect up to 12% of children and are the most common communication disorder treated by speech-language pathologists (Lewis et al., 2006). Furthermore, approximately 18% of preschool-aged children with speech delay will develop dyslexia or other reading impairments (Lewis et al., 2011).
Current research agrees that both children with SD and those with dyslexia have deficits in phonology---the underlying system responsible for processing and organizing speech sounds (Anthony et al., 2011; Snowling, 2000). Both children with SD and children with dyslexia have specific deficits in speech perception (Lof & Synan, 1997; Rosen, 2003). It is unclear the degree to which these groups differ in underlying aspects of phonology, such as speech perception. Prior research suggests that these children may display distinct speech perception patterns based on their SD or dyslexia status (Cabbage, Hogan, and Carrell, 2016; Johnson et al., 2011). Speech components that cause speech perception difficulties for children with SD may be different from those that cause difficulty for those with dyslexia. Specifically, children with SD have been shown to have more difficulty perceiving the rapid temporal aspects, or spectral structure, of speech (e.g., formant frequency transitions) while those with dyslexia have been shown to have more difficulties perceiving the more global structure of speech (e.g., amplitude envelopes, syllabic cues) (Cabbage, et al., 2016; Goswami, 2011; Johnson et al., 2011).
The current study compares speech perception abilities in children with SD, children with SD+dyslexia, and typical peers in speech modified in spectral and global acoustic structure. We expect children with SD or SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for spectral speech tasks and only children with SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for global speech tasks. These findings will be used to help detect which children with SDs are at a higher risk for developing dyslexia.
Faculty Advisor: Cabbage, Kathryn (McKay School of Education, Communication Disorders)
Speech delays affect up to 12% of children and are the most common communication disorder treated by speech-language pathologists (Lewis et al., 2006). Furthermore, approximately 18% of preschool-aged children with speech delay will develop dyslexia or other reading impairments (Lewis et al., 2011).
Current research agrees that both children with SD and those with dyslexia have deficits in phonology---the underlying system responsible for processing and organizing speech sounds (Anthony et al., 2011; Snowling, 2000). Both children with SD and children with dyslexia have specific deficits in speech perception (Lof & Synan, 1997; Rosen, 2003). It is unclear the degree to which these groups differ in underlying aspects of phonology, such as speech perception. Prior research suggests that these children may display distinct speech perception patterns based on their SD or dyslexia status (Cabbage, Hogan, and Carrell, 2016; Johnson et al., 2011). Speech components that cause speech perception difficulties for children with SD may be different from those that cause difficulty for those with dyslexia. Specifically, children with SD have been shown to have more difficulty perceiving the rapid temporal aspects, or spectral structure, of speech (e.g., formant frequency transitions) while those with dyslexia have been shown to have more difficulties perceiving the more global structure of speech (e.g., amplitude envelopes, syllabic cues) (Cabbage, et al., 2016; Goswami, 2011; Johnson et al., 2011).
The current study compares speech perception abilities in children with SD, children with SD+dyslexia, and typical peers in speech modified in spectral and global acoustic structure. We expect children with SD or SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for spectral speech tasks and only children with SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for global speech tasks. These findings will be used to help detect which children with SDs are at a higher risk for developing dyslexia.
Teaching and Enforcing Burnout Among Grade School Students
Mattei, Dustin; Angell, Emma; Truman, Savanah; Wood, Kyle; Holiday, Pam; Gonzales, Veronica; Price, Ashton (Dixie State University)
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State university, Applied Sociology)
This presentation analyzes the teaching and acceptance of burnout within the societal contract for children in the Washington County school district in Utah. This study, from the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at Dixie State University, as part of the Quality of Life Initiative, seeks to evaluate burnout among children ages 5-18 in the Washington County School District. Through the literary review, it is suggested that our society creates a culture of burnout, which is taught and accepted at young ages. Such teaching creates a life-long subconscious contract of acceptance of burnout among affected members within our society. Some symptoms of burnout can include; anxiety, depression, headaches, chronic stress, insomnia, forgetfulness, etc. Furthermore, seeking help for burnout symptoms has been frowned upon by society, until recently with the emergence of Wellness Rooms. This response to burnout among children in Washington County School District shows that acceptance has been established. The ISR team has developed a survey instrument currently in circulation at Dixie State University. We expect our data to correlate with the preparatory research conducted by the Institute of Social Research.
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State university, Applied Sociology)
This presentation analyzes the teaching and acceptance of burnout within the societal contract for children in the Washington County school district in Utah. This study, from the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at Dixie State University, as part of the Quality of Life Initiative, seeks to evaluate burnout among children ages 5-18 in the Washington County School District. Through the literary review, it is suggested that our society creates a culture of burnout, which is taught and accepted at young ages. Such teaching creates a life-long subconscious contract of acceptance of burnout among affected members within our society. Some symptoms of burnout can include; anxiety, depression, headaches, chronic stress, insomnia, forgetfulness, etc. Furthermore, seeking help for burnout symptoms has been frowned upon by society, until recently with the emergence of Wellness Rooms. This response to burnout among children in Washington County School District shows that acceptance has been established. The ISR team has developed a survey instrument currently in circulation at Dixie State University. We expect our data to correlate with the preparatory research conducted by the Institute of Social Research.
Prenatal Maternal Chronic Cortisol Concentrations and the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System Activation as Predictors of Newborn Neurobehavior
Brewster, Melissa; Conradt, Elisabeth. (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Conradt, Elisabeth (University of Utah, Psychology)
Stress exposure in the early years of life is a public health concern since this exposure can lead to a variety of illnesses ranging from diabetes to depression. More specifically, previous research has emphasized the importance of understanding the impact of stress exposure on an infant. However, there is limited research linking in utero stress exposure to later infant development, more specifically, on newborn self-regulation and neurobehavior. We examined whether newborn neurobehavior was associated with prenatal maternal psychophysiological signs of stress. Pregnant women (N=162) during their third trimester were invited to the child adaptation and neurodevelopment (CAN) laboratory to acquire hair cortisol concentrations, baseline heart rate (HR), baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and baseline electrodermal activity (EDA) parameters: skin conductance response (SCR) and skin conductance levels (SCL). Subsequent to this visit was the hospital visit. We assessed newborns between twenty-four hours and two months of age using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) which measures the dimensions of attention and arousal. We conducted correlations and ordinary least squares regression analyses. Maternal hair cortisol levels were not significantly associated with newborn attention (r= -.026, p=.77) and arousal (r= -.077, p= .382). However, exploratory analyses demonstrated that hair hygiene may affect these results. Baseline HR was not associated with attention (r= .012, p=.879) and arousal (r= -.002, p=.979). Baseline RSA was also not associated with attention (r= -.106, p=.192) and arousal (r= .071, p= .381). Lastly, baseline SCR and SCL were not associated to newborn attention (r=-.094, p=.247; r=-.013, p=.874) and arousal (r=-.077, p=.342; r=-.12, p=.138), respectively. These results suggest that having naturally high or low psychophysiological measurements has little-to-no impact on infant well-being, as opposed to stress reactivity.
Faculty Advisor: Conradt, Elisabeth (University of Utah, Psychology)
Stress exposure in the early years of life is a public health concern since this exposure can lead to a variety of illnesses ranging from diabetes to depression. More specifically, previous research has emphasized the importance of understanding the impact of stress exposure on an infant. However, there is limited research linking in utero stress exposure to later infant development, more specifically, on newborn self-regulation and neurobehavior. We examined whether newborn neurobehavior was associated with prenatal maternal psychophysiological signs of stress. Pregnant women (N=162) during their third trimester were invited to the child adaptation and neurodevelopment (CAN) laboratory to acquire hair cortisol concentrations, baseline heart rate (HR), baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and baseline electrodermal activity (EDA) parameters: skin conductance response (SCR) and skin conductance levels (SCL). Subsequent to this visit was the hospital visit. We assessed newborns between twenty-four hours and two months of age using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) which measures the dimensions of attention and arousal. We conducted correlations and ordinary least squares regression analyses. Maternal hair cortisol levels were not significantly associated with newborn attention (r= -.026, p=.77) and arousal (r= -.077, p= .382). However, exploratory analyses demonstrated that hair hygiene may affect these results. Baseline HR was not associated with attention (r= .012, p=.879) and arousal (r= -.002, p=.979). Baseline RSA was also not associated with attention (r= -.106, p=.192) and arousal (r= .071, p= .381). Lastly, baseline SCR and SCL were not associated to newborn attention (r=-.094, p=.247; r=-.013, p=.874) and arousal (r=-.077, p=.342; r=-.12, p=.138), respectively. These results suggest that having naturally high or low psychophysiological measurements has little-to-no impact on infant well-being, as opposed to stress reactivity.
Surviving Structure: Intersections of USU Administrative Articulations & Campus Sexual Assault Survivor Spaces
Candiloro, Taelor (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Glass-Coffin, Bonnie (College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology Department)
Over the past ten years, a growing national discourse about the issue of campus sexual assault has led to an increase in quantitative studies that analyze its prevalence on campus as well as the effectiveness of campus policies that have been institutionalized in order to address the systemic issue. Policies that have emerged to describe sexual assault may use specialized vocabulary that appears distant from the terms used by survivors when self-identifying, which may result in unintended consequences when policies are implemented. Using Utah State University's campus resources as a site of inquiry, this study examines language used by Title IX officers at Utah State University as they describe sexual and interpersonal violence among themselves, when addressing the student body, and among sexual assault survivors. Developed as part of a course in Ethnographic Methods at Utah State University, this qualitative study attempts to provide insight into this dynamic. Through a mixed-methods approach including ethnographic interviews, auto-ethnographic accounts of the author's experiences attending and interacting with various campus institutions, and analyses of contemporary tools of data collection, a network of identity emerges that contributes to a better understanding of how sexual assault policies might be improved to articulate alongside survivor experiences.
Faculty Advisor: Glass-Coffin, Bonnie (College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology Department)
Over the past ten years, a growing national discourse about the issue of campus sexual assault has led to an increase in quantitative studies that analyze its prevalence on campus as well as the effectiveness of campus policies that have been institutionalized in order to address the systemic issue. Policies that have emerged to describe sexual assault may use specialized vocabulary that appears distant from the terms used by survivors when self-identifying, which may result in unintended consequences when policies are implemented. Using Utah State University's campus resources as a site of inquiry, this study examines language used by Title IX officers at Utah State University as they describe sexual and interpersonal violence among themselves, when addressing the student body, and among sexual assault survivors. Developed as part of a course in Ethnographic Methods at Utah State University, this qualitative study attempts to provide insight into this dynamic. Through a mixed-methods approach including ethnographic interviews, auto-ethnographic accounts of the author's experiences attending and interacting with various campus institutions, and analyses of contemporary tools of data collection, a network of identity emerges that contributes to a better understanding of how sexual assault policies might be improved to articulate alongside survivor experiences.
Spatial Relationships and Sex in Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata)
Goodrich, Ellie; Seaboch, Melissa (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (University of Utah, Anthropology)
Alouatta palliata (the mantled howler monkey) form large, cohesive multimale multifemale groups. Within these groups there are prominent male dominance hierarchies and both males and females disperse from natal groups. Although A. palliata groups are cohesive, interactions among individuals are rare. Spatial relationships in primate groups aren't random and are often telling of the underlying social structure within a group. This project compares three adult dyads in the A. palliata groups of La Selva Biological station, Costa Rica, to examine group cohesion and if there is variation in spatial patterns between the dyads. The dyads include male-male, female-female, and male-female. Data were collected from May 11-May 22 , 2017 and May 11- June 19, 2018. Instantaneous scan samples were taken at two-minute intervals, and for each scan the sex of each individual, the nearest neighbor's sex, and proximity to closest neighbor were recorded. Proximities were visually estimated to the nearest half meter and sex was determined by body size and the presence or absence of scrotum. The data showed that males maintained closer distances with females than with other males, and females maintained closer distances with females than males. The average male-male distance was 4.2 meters, female-female 1.51 meters, and male-female 2.68 meters. The results suggest that sex plays a role in the spatial organization of a group. In A. palliata adult males have been found to rarely interact with other males and will often employ avoidance strategies, explaining the distances observed between males in this study. Female-female dyads tend to maintain closer and more affiliative proximities due to the presence of infants and the lack of competition for mating and food resources. There are also more females present in A. palliata troop than males, increasing the likelihood that males would be in proximity to females rather than other males.
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (University of Utah, Anthropology)
Alouatta palliata (the mantled howler monkey) form large, cohesive multimale multifemale groups. Within these groups there are prominent male dominance hierarchies and both males and females disperse from natal groups. Although A. palliata groups are cohesive, interactions among individuals are rare. Spatial relationships in primate groups aren't random and are often telling of the underlying social structure within a group. This project compares three adult dyads in the A. palliata groups of La Selva Biological station, Costa Rica, to examine group cohesion and if there is variation in spatial patterns between the dyads. The dyads include male-male, female-female, and male-female. Data were collected from May 11-May 22 , 2017 and May 11- June 19, 2018. Instantaneous scan samples were taken at two-minute intervals, and for each scan the sex of each individual, the nearest neighbor's sex, and proximity to closest neighbor were recorded. Proximities were visually estimated to the nearest half meter and sex was determined by body size and the presence or absence of scrotum. The data showed that males maintained closer distances with females than with other males, and females maintained closer distances with females than males. The average male-male distance was 4.2 meters, female-female 1.51 meters, and male-female 2.68 meters. The results suggest that sex plays a role in the spatial organization of a group. In A. palliata adult males have been found to rarely interact with other males and will often employ avoidance strategies, explaining the distances observed between males in this study. Female-female dyads tend to maintain closer and more affiliative proximities due to the presence of infants and the lack of competition for mating and food resources. There are also more females present in A. palliata troop than males, increasing the likelihood that males would be in proximity to females rather than other males.
Sex comparisons in C57BL/6 mice for assays of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors.
Patrick I. Garrett, Andrew N. Maloy, Allyson G Barraza, Braxton Tonks, Ashley M. Peterson, Sarah C. Honeycutt, Todd M. Hillhouse (Weber State University)
Current opioid drug treatments for acute and chronic pain have problematic side effects (e.g. addiction and respiratory depression). In general, preclinical studies use assays of pain-stimulated behaviors, which are defined as behaviors that increase in frequency, rate or intensity after delivery of a noxious stimulus. However, pain-stimulated behaviors can be reduced by drugs that suppress motor activity but lack analgesic properties. Novel assays of pain-depressed behaviors are defined as a decrease in frequency, rate or intensity after delivery of a noxious stimulus. Pain-depressed behaviors are used in complement to pain-stimulated behaviors because drugs that suppress motor activity will not produce analgesic properties in these assays. The present study sought to evaluate sex differences in C57BL/6 mice in assays of pain-stimulated (i.e. hot plate and acid-induced stretching) and pain-depressed behaviors (nesting, rearing, and locomotor activity). No sex differences were found in the hot plate test, or acid-induced stretching, as the noxious stimulus increased behavior in both sexes. During control conditions, male mice exhibited greater nesting behavior and rearing activity. However, treatment with 0.32% and 0.56% lactic acid depressed nesting, rearing, and locomotor activity to the same degree in male and female mice. These results suggest that some pain-depressed assays, such as nesting and rearing, might be more sensitive to sex difference; however, these sex differences are not expressed in pain-stimulated behaviors. In recent years the National Institute of Health (NIH) required the use of male and female animals in all studies. This study provides evidence on which pain assays will require separate groups to address behavioral sex differences.
Current opioid drug treatments for acute and chronic pain have problematic side effects (e.g. addiction and respiratory depression). In general, preclinical studies use assays of pain-stimulated behaviors, which are defined as behaviors that increase in frequency, rate or intensity after delivery of a noxious stimulus. However, pain-stimulated behaviors can be reduced by drugs that suppress motor activity but lack analgesic properties. Novel assays of pain-depressed behaviors are defined as a decrease in frequency, rate or intensity after delivery of a noxious stimulus. Pain-depressed behaviors are used in complement to pain-stimulated behaviors because drugs that suppress motor activity will not produce analgesic properties in these assays. The present study sought to evaluate sex differences in C57BL/6 mice in assays of pain-stimulated (i.e. hot plate and acid-induced stretching) and pain-depressed behaviors (nesting, rearing, and locomotor activity). No sex differences were found in the hot plate test, or acid-induced stretching, as the noxious stimulus increased behavior in both sexes. During control conditions, male mice exhibited greater nesting behavior and rearing activity. However, treatment with 0.32% and 0.56% lactic acid depressed nesting, rearing, and locomotor activity to the same degree in male and female mice. These results suggest that some pain-depressed assays, such as nesting and rearing, might be more sensitive to sex difference; however, these sex differences are not expressed in pain-stimulated behaviors. In recent years the National Institute of Health (NIH) required the use of male and female animals in all studies. This study provides evidence on which pain assays will require separate groups to address behavioral sex differences.
Sleep Sites of the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica
Hoopes, Holly (Salt Lake Community College)
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (Salt Lake Community College, Anthropology)
Documenting primate sleep sites is a useful way to census troop composition because recording the troop's arrival to and dispersal from a sleep site can offer a better understanding of the whole troop, especially for species that are fission-fusion foragers. My goal was to understand sleep site selection by Alouatta palliata. Past studies suggest that howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) sleep in or near food-source trees. Alouatta species are the most folivorous of all Neotropical species with a preference for trees in the Moraceae family (e.g. Brosimum, Ficus). I predict Alouatta palliata will sleep most often in trees in the Moraceae family. This research took place at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. La Selva consists of 1,600 ha with both primary and secondary forests. This research was conducted at the start of the wet season (May and June) in 2018. I followed A. palliata to their nightly sleep site and recorded the trees they were sleeping in, at the Family level. The Family of the tree was identified with the use of the online OTS Plant Database in combination with the physical samples in the herbarium archives. I was able to record 27 nocturnal sleep sites with a total of 47 trees used for sleeping. Of the 47 trees, 18 were in the Fabaceae family (38%) and 11 were in the Moraceae family (23%). They also slept in Myristicaceae, (4%) and Malvaceae trees (2%). Fifteen sleeping trees were unidentified. Thus, my hypothesis that howler monkeys would sleep most in Moraceae, was refuted. However, Fabaceae trees are a commonly known food resource for howler monkeys, so my results are similar to prior research which found they sleep in or near food-source trees. Interestingly, I never observed them eating in the trees in which they slept.
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (Salt Lake Community College, Anthropology)
Documenting primate sleep sites is a useful way to census troop composition because recording the troop's arrival to and dispersal from a sleep site can offer a better understanding of the whole troop, especially for species that are fission-fusion foragers. My goal was to understand sleep site selection by Alouatta palliata. Past studies suggest that howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) sleep in or near food-source trees. Alouatta species are the most folivorous of all Neotropical species with a preference for trees in the Moraceae family (e.g. Brosimum, Ficus). I predict Alouatta palliata will sleep most often in trees in the Moraceae family. This research took place at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. La Selva consists of 1,600 ha with both primary and secondary forests. This research was conducted at the start of the wet season (May and June) in 2018. I followed A. palliata to their nightly sleep site and recorded the trees they were sleeping in, at the Family level. The Family of the tree was identified with the use of the online OTS Plant Database in combination with the physical samples in the herbarium archives. I was able to record 27 nocturnal sleep sites with a total of 47 trees used for sleeping. Of the 47 trees, 18 were in the Fabaceae family (38%) and 11 were in the Moraceae family (23%). They also slept in Myristicaceae, (4%) and Malvaceae trees (2%). Fifteen sleeping trees were unidentified. Thus, my hypothesis that howler monkeys would sleep most in Moraceae, was refuted. However, Fabaceae trees are a commonly known food resource for howler monkeys, so my results are similar to prior research which found they sleep in or near food-source trees. Interestingly, I never observed them eating in the trees in which they slept.
Searching for the Fountain of Ute: Birthplace and Longevity in Utah
Kristianna J. Radley - Department of Psychology, University of Utah. u1119263@utah.edu. Rebecca R. Steed - Population Science, Huntsman Cancer Institute; Department of Geography, University of Utah. Dr. Huong Meeks - Population Science, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah. Dr. Ken R. Smith - Utah Population Database, Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute; Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah. (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Smith, Ken (University of Utah, Department of Family and Consumer Studies)
How is your risk of mortality as an adult affected by your living circumstances, your family and your neighborhood that existed earlier? In the state of Utah, we have a historical collection of data on individual circumstances early in life and death records for the entire population through the Utah Population Database (UPDB). This work began by creating geographical representations of the longevity in Utah by neighborhoods based on residential location in 1940 to determine if certain areas are associated with higher, or possibly lower, adult mortality rates. The 1940 census was used because it represents the most recent census year where specific identifiers are available that allows us to follow individuals until their deaths or their current age. We found that mortality risks vary based on an individual's location residence in 1940, specifically adults living in urban areas. This research is being extended by exploring individual characteristics that may explain these spatial longevity differentials. For this work, it will also be important to explore how individual and neighborhood characteristics may interact, where certain combinations serve to either increase or decrease the risk of adult mortality. We are continuing this research by adding a third level of analysis by including a familial component in relation to mortality risk. This additional component allows us to determine if family members share a risk of mortality which might be associated with neighborhood clustering (since family members may be more likely to live near one another) or because of shared genetics. By studying all three levels of mortality risk, this research will lead to a more comprehensive assessment of the social and geographic origins of mortality risk (at the level of the individual, family, and community). This work may have the ability to identify community characteristics that will promote healthier and longer lives.
Faculty Advisor: Smith, Ken (University of Utah, Department of Family and Consumer Studies)
How is your risk of mortality as an adult affected by your living circumstances, your family and your neighborhood that existed earlier? In the state of Utah, we have a historical collection of data on individual circumstances early in life and death records for the entire population through the Utah Population Database (UPDB). This work began by creating geographical representations of the longevity in Utah by neighborhoods based on residential location in 1940 to determine if certain areas are associated with higher, or possibly lower, adult mortality rates. The 1940 census was used because it represents the most recent census year where specific identifiers are available that allows us to follow individuals until their deaths or their current age. We found that mortality risks vary based on an individual's location residence in 1940, specifically adults living in urban areas. This research is being extended by exploring individual characteristics that may explain these spatial longevity differentials. For this work, it will also be important to explore how individual and neighborhood characteristics may interact, where certain combinations serve to either increase or decrease the risk of adult mortality. We are continuing this research by adding a third level of analysis by including a familial component in relation to mortality risk. This additional component allows us to determine if family members share a risk of mortality which might be associated with neighborhood clustering (since family members may be more likely to live near one another) or because of shared genetics. By studying all three levels of mortality risk, this research will lead to a more comprehensive assessment of the social and geographic origins of mortality risk (at the level of the individual, family, and community). This work may have the ability to identify community characteristics that will promote healthier and longer lives.
Research on Burnout in college students
Mattei, Dustin; Angell, Emma; Truman, Savanah; Wood, Kyle; Holiday, Pam; Gonzales, Veronica; Price, Ashton (Dixie State University)
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State University, Applied Sociology)
Burnout, defined by the World Health Organization as "a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed," is the Quality of Life research topic for the Institute of Social Research Team Fall 2019. A literature review of past research regarding the topic burnout has been conducted to understand the effects it has on society. The effect of burnout on college students is a subtopic of the research by the ISR Team. The research team has a survey developed and disbursed to students of Dixie State University (DSU) to gather burnout indicators among college students. The data will show how burnout affects students of different backgrounds, and if they see burnout as a normal part of their college experience. People are socialized into norms and values that represent a quality life. College students are subconsciously taught that burnout is accepted as a societal norm. Though burnout is a popular topic to discuss there are questions that remain. Does it affect aspects of their social, academic, and career life? After the survey data is gathered, sociological theories will be applied to answer the question and to gain a better understanding of burnout among DSU college students.
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State University, Applied Sociology)
Burnout, defined by the World Health Organization as "a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed," is the Quality of Life research topic for the Institute of Social Research Team Fall 2019. A literature review of past research regarding the topic burnout has been conducted to understand the effects it has on society. The effect of burnout on college students is a subtopic of the research by the ISR Team. The research team has a survey developed and disbursed to students of Dixie State University (DSU) to gather burnout indicators among college students. The data will show how burnout affects students of different backgrounds, and if they see burnout as a normal part of their college experience. People are socialized into norms and values that represent a quality life. College students are subconsciously taught that burnout is accepted as a societal norm. Though burnout is a popular topic to discuss there are questions that remain. Does it affect aspects of their social, academic, and career life? After the survey data is gathered, sociological theories will be applied to answer the question and to gain a better understanding of burnout among DSU college students.
Relationships Between Reflexive and Sustained Attention
Farstead, Brian; Williford, Tanner; Schow, Hunter; Muldowney, John; Stewart, Victoria (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Lundwall, Rebecca (Brigham Young university, Psychology, Cognitive and Behavioral Nueroscience)
Reflexive and sustained attention are important components of daily functioning, and those who exhibit attention deficits typically have problems in school, work, and relationships. Previous studies have measured sustained and reflexive attention using different tasks with disparate stimuli. Because the stimuli are different, it is unclear how reflexive and sustained attention are related. There are some indications in the literature that individuals tend to be better at one or the other type of task.
We measured reflexive and sustained attention in a sample (N=185) of children who completed two computer tasks that recorded response time and accuracy. We developed the two tasks so that all stimuli were identical, but the reflexive attention task used peripheral stimuli and the sustained attention task used central stimuli. Parents also completed questionnaires reporting demographics (e.g., age and sex) and the child's usual sleep habits, behavior at home, and behavior at school. Asking about sleep, home behavior, and school behavior allows us to identify predictors of individual variability in computer-task scores.
We anticipated that children who have a better reflexive attention (lower response times and higher accuracy) would score lower on sustained attention. Furthermore, we expect the relationship between reflexive and sustained attention would be moderated by aspects of behavior related to sleep, home-life, and school. Determining the relationship between different components of attention is important because it will help us to understand the underlying factors that contribute to different deficits in attention. Furthermore, it is important to understand how these different components of attention manifest by age, sex, behaviors at home and behaviors in school. Understanding the relationship between reflexive and sustained attention and their association with child characteristics could potentially contribute to interventions in individuals who have symptoms of attentional deficits.
Faculty Advisor: Lundwall, Rebecca (Brigham Young university, Psychology, Cognitive and Behavioral Nueroscience)
Reflexive and sustained attention are important components of daily functioning, and those who exhibit attention deficits typically have problems in school, work, and relationships. Previous studies have measured sustained and reflexive attention using different tasks with disparate stimuli. Because the stimuli are different, it is unclear how reflexive and sustained attention are related. There are some indications in the literature that individuals tend to be better at one or the other type of task.
We measured reflexive and sustained attention in a sample (N=185) of children who completed two computer tasks that recorded response time and accuracy. We developed the two tasks so that all stimuli were identical, but the reflexive attention task used peripheral stimuli and the sustained attention task used central stimuli. Parents also completed questionnaires reporting demographics (e.g., age and sex) and the child's usual sleep habits, behavior at home, and behavior at school. Asking about sleep, home behavior, and school behavior allows us to identify predictors of individual variability in computer-task scores.
We anticipated that children who have a better reflexive attention (lower response times and higher accuracy) would score lower on sustained attention. Furthermore, we expect the relationship between reflexive and sustained attention would be moderated by aspects of behavior related to sleep, home-life, and school. Determining the relationship between different components of attention is important because it will help us to understand the underlying factors that contribute to different deficits in attention. Furthermore, it is important to understand how these different components of attention manifest by age, sex, behaviors at home and behaviors in school. Understanding the relationship between reflexive and sustained attention and their association with child characteristics could potentially contribute to interventions in individuals who have symptoms of attentional deficits.
Social and Economic factors: The Influencers of Contraceptive Effectiveness
Geist, Claudia: Rodriguez, Johnny (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Geist, Claudia (Sociology, Gender Studies)
Previous research has demonstrated variation between racial and ethnic groups in the patterns of access to, and use of highly effective and long-lasting contraception. There has been a lack of research on how race and ethnicity interact with social and economic predictors of contraceptive method use. Specifically, this research project identifies the variation in the effect of social and economic factors on contraceptive use patterns across ethnic/racial groups. We use data from the HER Salt Lake initiative, a prospective study that provided family planning clients in the state of Utah with various contraceptive choices, while also removing cost barriers. We first summarize social and economic characteristics, potential barriers, and ethnic/racial group. We next replicate existing research that predict usage of effective and long-lasting contraception (IUD and Implants) as a function of social, economic, and demographic characteristics, and more importantly, whether the impact of social and economic factors on contraceptive choice varies across racial and ethnic group. In a final analytic step, this project looks at how the impact of pregnancy intentions on contraceptive method choice varies across racial/ethnic group. Preliminary findings suggest that women of color face significantly higher health care barriers (both social and economic), yet there are no significant differences in the usage of IUDs and implants. By acknowledging social and economic factors as possible barriers to health care more broadly, and contraception specifically, and highlighting racial and ethnic variation in the impact of these factors, we hope to increase access to a wide range of contraceptive choices for all consumers.
Faculty Advisor: Geist, Claudia (Sociology, Gender Studies)
Previous research has demonstrated variation between racial and ethnic groups in the patterns of access to, and use of highly effective and long-lasting contraception. There has been a lack of research on how race and ethnicity interact with social and economic predictors of contraceptive method use. Specifically, this research project identifies the variation in the effect of social and economic factors on contraceptive use patterns across ethnic/racial groups. We use data from the HER Salt Lake initiative, a prospective study that provided family planning clients in the state of Utah with various contraceptive choices, while also removing cost barriers. We first summarize social and economic characteristics, potential barriers, and ethnic/racial group. We next replicate existing research that predict usage of effective and long-lasting contraception (IUD and Implants) as a function of social, economic, and demographic characteristics, and more importantly, whether the impact of social and economic factors on contraceptive choice varies across racial and ethnic group. In a final analytic step, this project looks at how the impact of pregnancy intentions on contraceptive method choice varies across racial/ethnic group. Preliminary findings suggest that women of color face significantly higher health care barriers (both social and economic), yet there are no significant differences in the usage of IUDs and implants. By acknowledging social and economic factors as possible barriers to health care more broadly, and contraception specifically, and highlighting racial and ethnic variation in the impact of these factors, we hope to increase access to a wide range of contraceptive choices for all consumers.
Relationship Efficacy as a Mediator Between Stress and Communication within Romantic Relationships.
Hansen, Rebecca; Spencer, Todd; Brosi, Matt; Hubler, Daniel (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Spencer, Todd (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science)
There has been a wealth of research examining the negative influence of stress on relationship outcomes. Additionally, research indicates the quality of communication between couples strongly influences their overall satisfaction in marriage (Fletcher, 2002). While stress has been associated with poorer communication quality among romantic partners (Bodenmann, 1997), little is known how relationship efficacy modifies that relationship. The purpose of the present study is to examine the extent relationship efficacy mediates the association between stress and communication quality. Our sample consists of 939 individuals who are between 18-70 years old and currently in a romantic relationship. Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale - short form (PSS-4; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983), Active-Empathetic Listening Scale (AELS; Bodie, 2011), and Relationship Efficacy Measure (REM; Fincham, Harold, & Gano-Phillips, 2000). Following the mediation analysis outlined by Baron and Kenny (1981), we found that relationship efficacy did mediate the relationship between stress and communication quality, F (2,901) = 111.39, p=<.001. Results provide empirical support for the potential relationship efficacy holds to ameliorate the detrimental effects of stress on communication quality among romantic partners.
Faculty Advisor: Spencer, Todd (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science)
There has been a wealth of research examining the negative influence of stress on relationship outcomes. Additionally, research indicates the quality of communication between couples strongly influences their overall satisfaction in marriage (Fletcher, 2002). While stress has been associated with poorer communication quality among romantic partners (Bodenmann, 1997), little is known how relationship efficacy modifies that relationship. The purpose of the present study is to examine the extent relationship efficacy mediates the association between stress and communication quality. Our sample consists of 939 individuals who are between 18-70 years old and currently in a romantic relationship. Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale - short form (PSS-4; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983), Active-Empathetic Listening Scale (AELS; Bodie, 2011), and Relationship Efficacy Measure (REM; Fincham, Harold, & Gano-Phillips, 2000). Following the mediation analysis outlined by Baron and Kenny (1981), we found that relationship efficacy did mediate the relationship between stress and communication quality, F (2,901) = 111.39, p=<.001. Results provide empirical support for the potential relationship efficacy holds to ameliorate the detrimental effects of stress on communication quality among romantic partners.