2020 Abstracts
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Comparing the PCL-5 Item #20 and ISI in Veterans With PTSD
Taylor Cline, Kent D. Hinkson Jr., Malisa M.Brooks, Craig J. Bryan (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (University of Utah, Psychology)
Abstract:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a debilitating and exhaustive disorder that has been under official observation since the first World War and has received attention from Psychologists in both research and clinic settings. In a study by Spoormaker and Montgomery (2008), they determined that disturbed sleep in PTSD is a core feature of the disorder rather than a secondary characteristic. Spoormaker et. al (2008) also indicated that treatment for insomnia for persons with PTSD would be beneficial by offering brief sleep hygiene education, and stimulus control methods in treatment with persons who have PTSD.
This study examines the scores from Item #20 of the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5; “How much were you bothered by trouble falling or staying asleep?”, rated from 0 – 4) and compares them with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) sum score to determine if Item #20 has a sufficiently strong relationship with respect to the ISI sum score so as to be useful in screening for insomnia in individuals with PTSD. Three hundred twenty-one (n = 321) student veterans participated in the nationwide study. Among the participants, 94.1% of those who marked “1”, “2”, “3”, or “4” on PCL-5 Item #20 met ISI criteria for insomnia, while those who endorsed “0” (“Not at all”) scored substantially below the criteria for insomnia on average. While the eight-item ISI gives more information on the nature of the sleep disturbances, Item #20 of the PCL-5 appears to do a good job at screening for those likely to meet diagnostic criteria for insomnia; this could allow clinicians and primary care staff to reduce the burden during routine mental health screenings among potentially traumatized individuals.
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (University of Utah, Psychology)
Abstract:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a debilitating and exhaustive disorder that has been under official observation since the first World War and has received attention from Psychologists in both research and clinic settings. In a study by Spoormaker and Montgomery (2008), they determined that disturbed sleep in PTSD is a core feature of the disorder rather than a secondary characteristic. Spoormaker et. al (2008) also indicated that treatment for insomnia for persons with PTSD would be beneficial by offering brief sleep hygiene education, and stimulus control methods in treatment with persons who have PTSD.
This study examines the scores from Item #20 of the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5; “How much were you bothered by trouble falling or staying asleep?”, rated from 0 – 4) and compares them with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) sum score to determine if Item #20 has a sufficiently strong relationship with respect to the ISI sum score so as to be useful in screening for insomnia in individuals with PTSD. Three hundred twenty-one (n = 321) student veterans participated in the nationwide study. Among the participants, 94.1% of those who marked “1”, “2”, “3”, or “4” on PCL-5 Item #20 met ISI criteria for insomnia, while those who endorsed “0” (“Not at all”) scored substantially below the criteria for insomnia on average. While the eight-item ISI gives more information on the nature of the sleep disturbances, Item #20 of the PCL-5 appears to do a good job at screening for those likely to meet diagnostic criteria for insomnia; this could allow clinicians and primary care staff to reduce the burden during routine mental health screenings among potentially traumatized individuals.
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Bad Hombres or Bad Information
Smith, Josh; Sam, Lizzy (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Smith, Josh (Jon M. Huntsman School of Business, Economics and Finance Department)
The relationship between immigration and crime is a perennial topic of political debate where extreme claims are often made with little empirical evidence provided. Academic research provides insights into how immigration to an area affects its crime rates. Overall, the existing research suggests that immigrants are less likely to commit crime than US citizens. The research also suggests ways that policies can be designed to account for the rare cases where immigrants are involved in crime. Specifically, the research suggests providing access to legal work opportunities.
Faculty Advisor: Smith, Josh (Jon M. Huntsman School of Business, Economics and Finance Department)
The relationship between immigration and crime is a perennial topic of political debate where extreme claims are often made with little empirical evidence provided. Academic research provides insights into how immigration to an area affects its crime rates. Overall, the existing research suggests that immigrants are less likely to commit crime than US citizens. The research also suggests ways that policies can be designed to account for the rare cases where immigrants are involved in crime. Specifically, the research suggests providing access to legal work opportunities.
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Centering Student of Color Voices to Examine Pedagogical Practice in Service-Learning Courses
Valencia-Garcia, Nelson Omar (undergraduate student); Coles-Ritchie, Marilee (faculty) (Westminster College)
Faculty Advisor: Coles-Ritchie, Marilee (Westminster College; School of Education, DUMKE Center for Civic Engagement)
This study contributes to the literature on the impact of service-learning on students of color by intentionally centering their experience within the critical service-learning courses. We align with critical service-learning framework that highlight "collaboration between institutions of higher education and their larger communities (local, regional/state, national, global) for the mutually beneficial exchange of knowledge and resources in a context of partnership and reciprocity" (Driscoll, 2008, p. 39). This work contrasts volunteerism or philanthropy as it aims to be grounded in reciprocity where students, faculty, and community partners work toward a common goal through sharing experiences, knowledge, networking, and resources. Historically, one of the founding principles of higher education is serving the public good often by applying academic expertise to society's needs rather than scholars being givers of receptacle knowledge. Also, research demonstrates that first-generation college students benefit from community service (Ting, 2003). Because graduation rates of low-income, first-generation, SOC continue to be lower than middle- and upper-class students, pedagogy that addresses the needs of SOC is vital, and it is crucial that instructors in institutions of higher education learn how to design service-learning that highlight their strengths.
Recently, higher education stakeholders have renewed efforts to develop more connections between the community and institutes of higher education. These efforts have included institutional mission statements that strengthen the emphasis on community engagement, promoting the legitimacy of community-engaged scholarship and developing centers for civic engagement to support faculty creation of service-learning courses. Despite this renewed effort, some aspects of the role and purpose of pedagogy in higher education are often overlooked (Berrett, 2012), especially for SOC (Boyle-Baise & Langford, 2005).
This study contributes to the literature on the impact of service-learning on SOC by intentionally centering their experience within the critical service-learning courses. This study contributes to the literature on service-learning pedagogy for SOC. Our findings demonstrate that well-designed pedagogy can enhance critical consciousness and community relationships while facilitating deep learning of the material. In contrast, the data also highlighted aspects of service-learning courses that were not culturally sustaining or effective and even harmful to SOC. These data could benefit educators in higher education with specific tools for creating meaningfully designed, critical culturally sustaining service-learning courses by connecting the SOC's strengths and demonstrating a keen awareness of their lived experiences.
Faculty Advisor: Coles-Ritchie, Marilee (Westminster College; School of Education, DUMKE Center for Civic Engagement)
This study contributes to the literature on the impact of service-learning on students of color by intentionally centering their experience within the critical service-learning courses. We align with critical service-learning framework that highlight "collaboration between institutions of higher education and their larger communities (local, regional/state, national, global) for the mutually beneficial exchange of knowledge and resources in a context of partnership and reciprocity" (Driscoll, 2008, p. 39). This work contrasts volunteerism or philanthropy as it aims to be grounded in reciprocity where students, faculty, and community partners work toward a common goal through sharing experiences, knowledge, networking, and resources. Historically, one of the founding principles of higher education is serving the public good often by applying academic expertise to society's needs rather than scholars being givers of receptacle knowledge. Also, research demonstrates that first-generation college students benefit from community service (Ting, 2003). Because graduation rates of low-income, first-generation, SOC continue to be lower than middle- and upper-class students, pedagogy that addresses the needs of SOC is vital, and it is crucial that instructors in institutions of higher education learn how to design service-learning that highlight their strengths.
Recently, higher education stakeholders have renewed efforts to develop more connections between the community and institutes of higher education. These efforts have included institutional mission statements that strengthen the emphasis on community engagement, promoting the legitimacy of community-engaged scholarship and developing centers for civic engagement to support faculty creation of service-learning courses. Despite this renewed effort, some aspects of the role and purpose of pedagogy in higher education are often overlooked (Berrett, 2012), especially for SOC (Boyle-Baise & Langford, 2005).
This study contributes to the literature on the impact of service-learning on SOC by intentionally centering their experience within the critical service-learning courses. This study contributes to the literature on service-learning pedagogy for SOC. Our findings demonstrate that well-designed pedagogy can enhance critical consciousness and community relationships while facilitating deep learning of the material. In contrast, the data also highlighted aspects of service-learning courses that were not culturally sustaining or effective and even harmful to SOC. These data could benefit educators in higher education with specific tools for creating meaningfully designed, critical culturally sustaining service-learning courses by connecting the SOC's strengths and demonstrating a keen awareness of their lived experiences.
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Connecting with Complexity: The Physician's Perspective on Type 2 Diabetes and Patient-Provider Relationships
Clark, Emilia (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Glass-Coffin, Bonnie (College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology Department)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects roughly 1 in 10 Americans with as many as 1 in 4 Americans suffering from pre-diabetes, which often leads to full-blown T2D within five years. The role of the physician in managing diabetes is especially crucial, as this is a chronic illness. Because of its long-term impacts and comorbidities, successful treatment of the condition requires the development of effective and on-going provider/patient partnership. The physician must not only thoroughly and accurately assess the patient's condition and recommend the appropriate treatment options, but also guide and motivate patients in ongoing lifestyle changes relevant to each patient's individual circumstance. And, they must do this while working in a system that creates significant barriers and obstacles for creating and maintaining these physician/patient partnerships. Although there is no shortage of research on T2D, there are very few studies that focus on physician insights about these barriers nor are there many studies that analyze the specific strategies, aims, perspectives, and challenges physicians face when juggling the many dimensions of managing T2D over a patient's lifetime. This study adds to what we know about diabetes care by conducting in-depth interviews with a local physician at the Logan Clinic who has been treating T2D for 20 years. Developed in the context of an Ethnographic Methods class in the Anthropology program at Utah State University, this study thus provides new insights on the challenges of approaching type 2 diabetes from the physician perspective.
Faculty Advisor: Glass-Coffin, Bonnie (College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology Department)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects roughly 1 in 10 Americans with as many as 1 in 4 Americans suffering from pre-diabetes, which often leads to full-blown T2D within five years. The role of the physician in managing diabetes is especially crucial, as this is a chronic illness. Because of its long-term impacts and comorbidities, successful treatment of the condition requires the development of effective and on-going provider/patient partnership. The physician must not only thoroughly and accurately assess the patient's condition and recommend the appropriate treatment options, but also guide and motivate patients in ongoing lifestyle changes relevant to each patient's individual circumstance. And, they must do this while working in a system that creates significant barriers and obstacles for creating and maintaining these physician/patient partnerships. Although there is no shortage of research on T2D, there are very few studies that focus on physician insights about these barriers nor are there many studies that analyze the specific strategies, aims, perspectives, and challenges physicians face when juggling the many dimensions of managing T2D over a patient's lifetime. This study adds to what we know about diabetes care by conducting in-depth interviews with a local physician at the Logan Clinic who has been treating T2D for 20 years. Developed in the context of an Ethnographic Methods class in the Anthropology program at Utah State University, this study thus provides new insights on the challenges of approaching type 2 diabetes from the physician perspective.
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Cosmology Episode in HEALAfrica Hospital, Goma: An interview study of sense-losing following trauma
Roy, Taylor; Nguyen, Richard; Moffitt, Drew; Bonsrah, Dicken; Fannin, Austin; Yirenya Tawiah, Daniel (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: O'Grady, Kari (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
Outline:
- Anticipating a cosmology episode
- Sense-losing in different levels of trauma
- Outcomes of certain sense-losing methods
Abstract: With significant life-changing events occurring throughout the world on a daily basis--on an individual, societal or organizational level--BYU's Organizational Psychology and Societal Resilience Lab studied the aspects concerning how people have prepared for and maneuver their way through losing a sense of their identity, beliefs, and relationships following a traumatic event. Using O'Grady & Orton's model (2016), we explored different ways that individuals anticipate a cosmological episode and how they react in the sense-losing process. Using 40 interviews with employees from the organization HEALAfrica, we attempted to outline possible methods of sense-losing used by these individuals to attempt to cope with the traumatic event on losing their beloved Co-Founder, Lyn Lusi, who was deemed a mother figure to the organization. We discovered that there are two broad categories of sense-losing that play a factor in how these individuals lose sense of this traumatic event--whether it is on the level of the individual or the organization: Rigid Sense-Losing and Resilient Sense-Losing. The outcomes that each of these two pathways take end in significantly opposite directions, one leading to suicidal ideations, alienation, and hopelessness, while the other leads to improvising, sense-remaking, and a sense of renewing.
Faculty Advisor: O'Grady, Kari (Brigham Young University, Psychology)
Outline:
- Anticipating a cosmology episode
- Sense-losing in different levels of trauma
- Outcomes of certain sense-losing methods
Abstract: With significant life-changing events occurring throughout the world on a daily basis--on an individual, societal or organizational level--BYU's Organizational Psychology and Societal Resilience Lab studied the aspects concerning how people have prepared for and maneuver their way through losing a sense of their identity, beliefs, and relationships following a traumatic event. Using O'Grady & Orton's model (2016), we explored different ways that individuals anticipate a cosmological episode and how they react in the sense-losing process. Using 40 interviews with employees from the organization HEALAfrica, we attempted to outline possible methods of sense-losing used by these individuals to attempt to cope with the traumatic event on losing their beloved Co-Founder, Lyn Lusi, who was deemed a mother figure to the organization. We discovered that there are two broad categories of sense-losing that play a factor in how these individuals lose sense of this traumatic event--whether it is on the level of the individual or the organization: Rigid Sense-Losing and Resilient Sense-Losing. The outcomes that each of these two pathways take end in significantly opposite directions, one leading to suicidal ideations, alienation, and hopelessness, while the other leads to improvising, sense-remaking, and a sense of renewing.
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Aliefs and Social Justice
Ashton, S. Jeramy (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Mizell, Karen (Utah Valley University, Philosophy)
In 1968, the United States of America passed the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution granting citizenship to all persons born in the United States. This Amendment and further enactments, policies and addendums changed the way many African American people (former slaves) were explicitly treated in regard to segregation and racial bias...or at least it should have.
In looking further into what a "belief" truly is (how they are formed, how they change), and then examining the "alief" in a similar manner, I will explain that because of society's deeply rooted aliefs, rational persuasion alone will never achieve social justice.
I will examine the history of the Civil Rights and LGBTQIA+ movements with how beliefs restricted, discriminated and then promoted change. After analyzing how beliefs have played a role in the journey of these causes, I will use modern day empirical data from court cases, and current housing and institutional discrimination cases to help others to become aware of ones subconscious biases, or aliefs.
My purpose is to help all to become aware of such biases before attempting to enact social change. As a majority fail to incorporate change, to respond to such empirical data, to be receptive to rational persuasion and make a change even when we believe that that is what we should do. It is because of the inability to adapt, to adopt such changes in permanence that aliefs are often too difficult to overcome, therefore rational persuasion alone will never achieve social justice.
Faculty Advisor: Mizell, Karen (Utah Valley University, Philosophy)
In 1968, the United States of America passed the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution granting citizenship to all persons born in the United States. This Amendment and further enactments, policies and addendums changed the way many African American people (former slaves) were explicitly treated in regard to segregation and racial bias...or at least it should have.
In looking further into what a "belief" truly is (how they are formed, how they change), and then examining the "alief" in a similar manner, I will explain that because of society's deeply rooted aliefs, rational persuasion alone will never achieve social justice.
I will examine the history of the Civil Rights and LGBTQIA+ movements with how beliefs restricted, discriminated and then promoted change. After analyzing how beliefs have played a role in the journey of these causes, I will use modern day empirical data from court cases, and current housing and institutional discrimination cases to help others to become aware of ones subconscious biases, or aliefs.
My purpose is to help all to become aware of such biases before attempting to enact social change. As a majority fail to incorporate change, to respond to such empirical data, to be receptive to rational persuasion and make a change even when we believe that that is what we should do. It is because of the inability to adapt, to adopt such changes in permanence that aliefs are often too difficult to overcome, therefore rational persuasion alone will never achieve social justice.
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Cantracting and Inforcing Burnout On Dixie State Campus
Mattei, Dustin; Angell, Emma; Truman, Savanah; Wood, Kyle; Holiday, Pam; Gonzales, Veronica (Dixie State University)
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State University, Applied Sociology)
This presentation analyzes burnout and how it is created and reinforced contractually within our campus at Dixie State University. This is a study from the Quality of Life Initiative who is part of the Applied Sociology. This portion of the analysis focuses on burnout among the university staff and administration. Through literary review, it has been suggested that on school campuses, regardless of level and grade, there has been in increase in burnout among school counselors, administration, and staff. Burn out itself has many symptoms and suggested sources. Symptoms range in physical, emotional, mental, and socially. These symptoms include; chronic fatigue, insomnia, forgetfulness, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, depression, anxiety, and much more. Our research suggests that some sources that create burnout in the staff are; an increase in students who also are afflicted with burnout, a lack of resources available to manage the increase in student cases, the requirement of participation within the university, and also the compounding stress in their personal lives. The independent research team has also developed a survey instrument which is in circulation. The information that is gathered through the instrument has not yet finished being recorded and consolidated. However, we expect there to be information coordinate to the information that we have found through research.
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State University, Applied Sociology)
This presentation analyzes burnout and how it is created and reinforced contractually within our campus at Dixie State University. This is a study from the Quality of Life Initiative who is part of the Applied Sociology. This portion of the analysis focuses on burnout among the university staff and administration. Through literary review, it has been suggested that on school campuses, regardless of level and grade, there has been in increase in burnout among school counselors, administration, and staff. Burn out itself has many symptoms and suggested sources. Symptoms range in physical, emotional, mental, and socially. These symptoms include; chronic fatigue, insomnia, forgetfulness, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, depression, anxiety, and much more. Our research suggests that some sources that create burnout in the staff are; an increase in students who also are afflicted with burnout, a lack of resources available to manage the increase in student cases, the requirement of participation within the university, and also the compounding stress in their personal lives. The independent research team has also developed a survey instrument which is in circulation. The information that is gathered through the instrument has not yet finished being recorded and consolidated. However, we expect there to be information coordinate to the information that we have found through research.
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Burnout Techno-reliance Big Data
Holiday, Pamela (Dixie State University)
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State University, Applied Sociology Program)
May 2019, "burnout" was recognized and defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since the term was coined in the 1970's, society has changed dramatically through the advancement of technology and with the naive notion that progress would make life easier. Today, the term burnout describes "the consequences of severe stress and high ideals," in professions. This perspective of "high ideals" and "stress" describes an individual's pursuit of success in academics, occupation, and/or lifestyle. In this regard, the societal culture determines that individuals are self-actualized when they exceed the prescribed standards of production. Studies have shown the adverse effects of technology advancements leading to isolation, mental and physical health issues, and an overall increase in stress. Contrary to WHO's new definition of burnout as an occupational phenomenon, it has been linked through several studies to non-occupational symptoms and situations during an individual's lifespan. Chronic stress is cited as a fundamental symptom of burnout - and is used as a key marker in identifying useful data for this examination. The Institute for Social Research, as part of Dixie State University's Applied Sociology program, through The Quality of Life Initiative project is exploring the question, "How has burnout been accepted into societies contract?" Using content analysis, we will identify the societal cost of burnout with the advancement of technology in a techno-reliant era and its effects on the Saint George, UT area.
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State University, Applied Sociology Program)
May 2019, "burnout" was recognized and defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since the term was coined in the 1970's, society has changed dramatically through the advancement of technology and with the naive notion that progress would make life easier. Today, the term burnout describes "the consequences of severe stress and high ideals," in professions. This perspective of "high ideals" and "stress" describes an individual's pursuit of success in academics, occupation, and/or lifestyle. In this regard, the societal culture determines that individuals are self-actualized when they exceed the prescribed standards of production. Studies have shown the adverse effects of technology advancements leading to isolation, mental and physical health issues, and an overall increase in stress. Contrary to WHO's new definition of burnout as an occupational phenomenon, it has been linked through several studies to non-occupational symptoms and situations during an individual's lifespan. Chronic stress is cited as a fundamental symptom of burnout - and is used as a key marker in identifying useful data for this examination. The Institute for Social Research, as part of Dixie State University's Applied Sociology program, through The Quality of Life Initiative project is exploring the question, "How has burnout been accepted into societies contract?" Using content analysis, we will identify the societal cost of burnout with the advancement of technology in a techno-reliant era and its effects on the Saint George, UT area.
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Alcohol as a Coping Mechanism is not Equally Effective Across Trauma Types
Jorgensen, Leteasha; Hinkson, Kent; Brooks, Malisa; Bryan, Craig (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science)
Alcoholism has become a large concern for the United States military, beginning decades ago. With the abundance of challenges faced by service members (e.g. multiple deployments, being away from social support for longer periods of time, injury and death, etc), alcohol is often used as a coping mechanism during these times and continues after they have left the military. Veterans are at increased risk of comorbid substance use disorder and other mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. With the prevalence of several different types of traumas occurring in and around military service, the question was raised if the type of trauma a veteran experiences results in different rates of alcohol consumption. The hypothesis was that certain subpopulations (based on type of trauma) within a sample of veterans would have higher rates of alcohol consumption than others. Data was collected on the amount of alcohol that is consumed, as well as trauma the types of trauma participants may have experienced including categories such as assault, natural disaster, sexual assault, and exposure to war zone. Analyses of the data suggested that interpersonal traumas were associated with increased drinking when compared to non-interpersonal traumas, with the exception of sexual assault which is non-significant. Further inspection identified that when sexual assault is split between inappropriate touching or non-penetrative assault, coercive rape, and forcible rape, the associations between trauma type and alcohol use vary significantly with coercive rape having a strong negative relationship with alcohol consumption. One possible explanation for this is that those who survived a coercive assault desire to remain focused and cognitively capable of avoiding such a situation again. With veterans having such higher rates of trauma exposure, understanding how this relates to alcohol consumption can help facilitate mental health treatment in a variety of ways.
Faculty Advisor: Hinkson, Kent (Utah Valley University, Behavioral Science)
Alcoholism has become a large concern for the United States military, beginning decades ago. With the abundance of challenges faced by service members (e.g. multiple deployments, being away from social support for longer periods of time, injury and death, etc), alcohol is often used as a coping mechanism during these times and continues after they have left the military. Veterans are at increased risk of comorbid substance use disorder and other mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. With the prevalence of several different types of traumas occurring in and around military service, the question was raised if the type of trauma a veteran experiences results in different rates of alcohol consumption. The hypothesis was that certain subpopulations (based on type of trauma) within a sample of veterans would have higher rates of alcohol consumption than others. Data was collected on the amount of alcohol that is consumed, as well as trauma the types of trauma participants may have experienced including categories such as assault, natural disaster, sexual assault, and exposure to war zone. Analyses of the data suggested that interpersonal traumas were associated with increased drinking when compared to non-interpersonal traumas, with the exception of sexual assault which is non-significant. Further inspection identified that when sexual assault is split between inappropriate touching or non-penetrative assault, coercive rape, and forcible rape, the associations between trauma type and alcohol use vary significantly with coercive rape having a strong negative relationship with alcohol consumption. One possible explanation for this is that those who survived a coercive assault desire to remain focused and cognitively capable of avoiding such a situation again. With veterans having such higher rates of trauma exposure, understanding how this relates to alcohol consumption can help facilitate mental health treatment in a variety of ways.
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Adult Experiences of Interpersonal Harm: Is there a positivity effect?
White, Justin; Dahl, AnnElise; Harmison, Dillon; Klein, Jenni; Lemons, Anne; Simmons, Jordan; Mansfield, Cade; White, Leigh (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Mansfield, Cade (Weber State University, Psychology); Shaw, Leigh (Weber State University, Psychology)
Contrary to stereotypes, past research indicates that people become more emotionally positive across adulthood. Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory posits that with shortened time horizons over the lifespan people focus more on emotional satisfaction and meaning in life (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999). This "positivity effect", is found in the fact that relative to younger adults, older adults show biases toward superior processing of positively valenced emotional stimuli (Carstensen & Mikels, 2005). Personal relationships are a key source of satisfaction and emotional well-being and from the standpoint of Socio-emotional Selectivity theory, positivity in relationships is thought to be highly prioritized by older adults. Yet, according to classic and contemporary developmental psychological theories such as Erikson's Psychosocial theory of development and Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood, younger adults should also prioritize positivity in relational functioning. There has been less theory and research that has focused on understanding how midlife adults process emotionally rich relational experiences. To better understand emotional and cognitive processes across adulthood, the current study explores age-related differences in the emotional impact of a difficult relational experience (a time one perpetrated harm against another) and age-related differences in the linguistic features of adults' narratives of these experiences. Two hundred and eighteen adults ranging in age from 20 to 69 were recruited to participate in the study through Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Participants were asked to recall a time when they did something that negatively impacted a personally important relationship and to then vividly recall it for 2 minutes. Then they completed a battery of questionnaires about the memory. Finally, participants wrote narratives about the memory. Data are being analyzed only for those participants who recalled memories consistent with the prompt and passed attention checks during the protocol (n = 194, female = 110, Mean Age = 43.32, SD = 13.82).
Faculty Advisor: Mansfield, Cade (Weber State University, Psychology); Shaw, Leigh (Weber State University, Psychology)
Contrary to stereotypes, past research indicates that people become more emotionally positive across adulthood. Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory posits that with shortened time horizons over the lifespan people focus more on emotional satisfaction and meaning in life (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999). This "positivity effect", is found in the fact that relative to younger adults, older adults show biases toward superior processing of positively valenced emotional stimuli (Carstensen & Mikels, 2005). Personal relationships are a key source of satisfaction and emotional well-being and from the standpoint of Socio-emotional Selectivity theory, positivity in relationships is thought to be highly prioritized by older adults. Yet, according to classic and contemporary developmental psychological theories such as Erikson's Psychosocial theory of development and Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood, younger adults should also prioritize positivity in relational functioning. There has been less theory and research that has focused on understanding how midlife adults process emotionally rich relational experiences. To better understand emotional and cognitive processes across adulthood, the current study explores age-related differences in the emotional impact of a difficult relational experience (a time one perpetrated harm against another) and age-related differences in the linguistic features of adults' narratives of these experiences. Two hundred and eighteen adults ranging in age from 20 to 69 were recruited to participate in the study through Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Participants were asked to recall a time when they did something that negatively impacted a personally important relationship and to then vividly recall it for 2 minutes. Then they completed a battery of questionnaires about the memory. Finally, participants wrote narratives about the memory. Data are being analyzed only for those participants who recalled memories consistent with the prompt and passed attention checks during the protocol (n = 194, female = 110, Mean Age = 43.32, SD = 13.82).
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Authenticating artifacts through non-destructive methods
Melgar, Emiliano; Calligaro, Thomas; Wendt, Carl; Delsescaux, Jeffery; Bernard, Henri; Robles, Alma; Claes, Pieterjan; Rojas, Miguel; GarcIa, Martha; Castillo, Sabrina; Garber, James; Kenneth, Hirth; Grove, David; Hoopes, John; Juarez-Rodriguez, Octavio; Argote-Espino, Denisse; Santos-Ramirez, Marco; Lopez-Garcia, Pedro; Manrique-Ortega, Mayra; Mitrani, A.; Casanova-Gonzales, Edgar; Jimenez-Galindo, L.; Ruvalcaba-Sil, Jose; Solis Ciriaco, Reyna; Curado, Jessica; Laclavetine, Killian; Cruz, R.; Manzanilla, Linda (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Forest, Marion (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Anthropology); Allison, Jim (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Anthropology)
The collecting of antiquities has been popular since Roman times. In recent years, however, this practice has become more and more disheartening for archaeologists as they try to piece together history. Private collections donated to museums often lack the provenience of the artifacts and include many fakes. Such is the case with the collection of greenstone artifacts privately donated to BYU's Museum of Peoples and Cultures starting in the 1970s. An analysis of this collection strove to develop a methodology of identifying the fake from the authentic artifacts through non-destructive methods. Initially, visual examination of the artifacts was completed including microwear analysis and recording the color and density of the stones. Further authenticating methods included microscopy, X-ray florescence, and SEM (scanning electron microscope). Through a thorough examination of the density and color of the stone as well as the elements present as shown by the PXRF scan, an endeavor was made to identify what stone the artifact was made of and its source. Using the resulting data, a detailed catalog was created of the artifacts. Employing these same analyses, museums everywhere can check the authenticity of donated collections and possibly source the artifacts.
Faculty Advisor: Forest, Marion (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Anthropology); Allison, Jim (Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Anthropology)
The collecting of antiquities has been popular since Roman times. In recent years, however, this practice has become more and more disheartening for archaeologists as they try to piece together history. Private collections donated to museums often lack the provenience of the artifacts and include many fakes. Such is the case with the collection of greenstone artifacts privately donated to BYU's Museum of Peoples and Cultures starting in the 1970s. An analysis of this collection strove to develop a methodology of identifying the fake from the authentic artifacts through non-destructive methods. Initially, visual examination of the artifacts was completed including microwear analysis and recording the color and density of the stones. Further authenticating methods included microscopy, X-ray florescence, and SEM (scanning electron microscope). Through a thorough examination of the density and color of the stone as well as the elements present as shown by the PXRF scan, an endeavor was made to identify what stone the artifact was made of and its source. Using the resulting data, a detailed catalog was created of the artifacts. Employing these same analyses, museums everywhere can check the authenticity of donated collections and possibly source the artifacts.
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Structural Violence Against the Black Motherhood
Bostick, Aubrey; Hill, Huiying (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Hill, Huiying (Weber State University, Sociology and Anthropology)
Infant mortality rates for black women are significantly higher than white women. More specifically, during high risk pregnancies. These include pregnancies for women before the age of 20, and between the ages of 40-54. Through quantitative and qualitative secondary analysis utilizing conflict theory, the research indicates environmental and socioeconomic impacts derived from eugenicist practices that uniquely impact black pregnant women. Eugenicist practices are at the root of infant mortality rates for pregnant black women as a consequence of exploitation that formulates modern reproductive care. First, environmental factors to be explored include food deserts, gentrification, geographic location to healthcare centers, and pollution. These factors are essential to explore because they directly create internal factors. Which is why the second area of exploration is the stress of being a pregnant black woman. These factors include societal pressure, medical pressure, and a lack of preventative reproductive and post pregnancy care. Both environmental and internal factors stem from cyclical poverty, and produce chronic healthcare conditions that yield infant mortality. This research offers the unique consideration of diet, and disproportionate access to medical care while encompassing the history of modern reproductive care. This research has the capacity to create a dynamic approach to reducing infant mortality rates specifically for at-risk pregnant black women.
Faculty Advisor: Hill, Huiying (Weber State University, Sociology and Anthropology)
Infant mortality rates for black women are significantly higher than white women. More specifically, during high risk pregnancies. These include pregnancies for women before the age of 20, and between the ages of 40-54. Through quantitative and qualitative secondary analysis utilizing conflict theory, the research indicates environmental and socioeconomic impacts derived from eugenicist practices that uniquely impact black pregnant women. Eugenicist practices are at the root of infant mortality rates for pregnant black women as a consequence of exploitation that formulates modern reproductive care. First, environmental factors to be explored include food deserts, gentrification, geographic location to healthcare centers, and pollution. These factors are essential to explore because they directly create internal factors. Which is why the second area of exploration is the stress of being a pregnant black woman. These factors include societal pressure, medical pressure, and a lack of preventative reproductive and post pregnancy care. Both environmental and internal factors stem from cyclical poverty, and produce chronic healthcare conditions that yield infant mortality. This research offers the unique consideration of diet, and disproportionate access to medical care while encompassing the history of modern reproductive care. This research has the capacity to create a dynamic approach to reducing infant mortality rates specifically for at-risk pregnant black women.
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The Multidimensionality of Infant Prosocial Behavior: An Investigation of Type, Target, and Emergence
Peter J. Reschke, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Laura A. Stockdale, Chicago Kylin Cox, Hailey Holmgren, Jeffrey L. Hurst, Kjersti Summers, Sarah M. Coyne, Gyuyi Kang (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Reschke, Peter (Family, Home, and Social Science; Family Life)
After the first birthday, infants begin to help and share (Dunfield, 2014). However, there is little known about infants' selectivity in helping and sharing and whether these behaviors emerge due to socialization influence or natural tendencies. In this study, 230 infants (109 female, Mage= 1.47 years, SD =.27. Range = .95 years to 2.19 years) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) Instrumental helping (caregiver) and sharing (experimenter) or (2) instrumental helping (experimenter) and sharing (caregiver). Infants observed a target person (caregiver or experimenter) demonstrate a need (dropped pen = instrumental need; lack of sticker = material desire). Infants were given 60 seconds to respond and their prosocial behaviors (e.g. returning the pen, sharing stickers) were coded using a 5-point scale (see Vaish et al., 2009). Infants engaged in significantly more instrumental helping behaviors (M = 3.37) than sharing behaviors (M = 2.23) t(144) = 7.85, p < .001, 95% CI [0.85, 1.42], d = .87. Infants were also significantly more prosocial toward caregivers (M = 3 .22) than strangers (M = 2 .38). Infants helped the caregiver (M = 4.09) significantly more than the stranger (M = 2.65), t(310) = 7.49, p <.001, 95% CI [1.06, 1.81], d = 1.17. However, infants' sharing towards the caregiver (M = 2.35) and stranger (M = 2.11) did not differ, p =.32, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.71], d = .16. These results suggest that infants are selective in their helping behaviors but not their sharing behaviors in the second year of life. A multidimensional framework of prosocial development will be discussed.
Faculty Advisor: Reschke, Peter (Family, Home, and Social Science; Family Life)
After the first birthday, infants begin to help and share (Dunfield, 2014). However, there is little known about infants' selectivity in helping and sharing and whether these behaviors emerge due to socialization influence or natural tendencies. In this study, 230 infants (109 female, Mage= 1.47 years, SD =.27. Range = .95 years to 2.19 years) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) Instrumental helping (caregiver) and sharing (experimenter) or (2) instrumental helping (experimenter) and sharing (caregiver). Infants observed a target person (caregiver or experimenter) demonstrate a need (dropped pen = instrumental need; lack of sticker = material desire). Infants were given 60 seconds to respond and their prosocial behaviors (e.g. returning the pen, sharing stickers) were coded using a 5-point scale (see Vaish et al., 2009). Infants engaged in significantly more instrumental helping behaviors (M = 3.37) than sharing behaviors (M = 2.23) t(144) = 7.85, p < .001, 95% CI [0.85, 1.42], d = .87. Infants were also significantly more prosocial toward caregivers (M = 3 .22) than strangers (M = 2 .38). Infants helped the caregiver (M = 4.09) significantly more than the stranger (M = 2.65), t(310) = 7.49, p <.001, 95% CI [1.06, 1.81], d = 1.17. However, infants' sharing towards the caregiver (M = 2.35) and stranger (M = 2.11) did not differ, p =.32, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.71], d = .16. These results suggest that infants are selective in their helping behaviors but not their sharing behaviors in the second year of life. A multidimensional framework of prosocial development will be discussed.
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The Effects of Sex, Appropriateness, and Relevance of Instructor Self-Disclosure on Perceived Credibility
Dahl, AnnElise; Rich, Emily; Marchant, Amy; Baird, Todd (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Baird, Todd (College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Department)
The present research examines the effects of content relevance and appropriateness of instructor self-disclosure as well as the sex of the professor and the sex of the student on students' perceptions of instructor credibility (competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness). Participants, consisting of approximately 150 college students, filled out a survey which measured each of these variables. As data collection is in its preliminary stages, results are forthcoming. When gathered, the data are expected to be consistent with previous research in the field which show that appropriateness of instructor disclosure will be positively correlated with instructor credibility. Previous research has suggested that content relevance will be positively correlated with instructor credibility, that content relevance will be positively correlated with appropriateness of instructor disclosures, and that male students will perceive instructor disclosure to be more appropriate than female students. In addition, the authors expect male students to rate instructors as more credible than female students. Finally, students are expected to perceive female professors as more appropriate than male professors and to perceive female professors as more credible than male professors.
Faculty Advisor: Baird, Todd (College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Department)
The present research examines the effects of content relevance and appropriateness of instructor self-disclosure as well as the sex of the professor and the sex of the student on students' perceptions of instructor credibility (competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness). Participants, consisting of approximately 150 college students, filled out a survey which measured each of these variables. As data collection is in its preliminary stages, results are forthcoming. When gathered, the data are expected to be consistent with previous research in the field which show that appropriateness of instructor disclosure will be positively correlated with instructor credibility. Previous research has suggested that content relevance will be positively correlated with instructor credibility, that content relevance will be positively correlated with appropriateness of instructor disclosures, and that male students will perceive instructor disclosure to be more appropriate than female students. In addition, the authors expect male students to rate instructors as more credible than female students. Finally, students are expected to perceive female professors as more appropriate than male professors and to perceive female professors as more credible than male professors.
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Taking Breaks: Comparing the Impact of Mindfulness versus Social Media
Lotulelei, Tiffany; Darowski, Emily; Erekson, David (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Darowski, Emily (Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library); Erekson, David (Brigham Young University, Counseling and Psychological Services)
Social media is becoming an increasingly popular means of communication and content sharing; this rise is especially prevalent among young adults, including university students. We are not aware of any research that has examined the impact, positive or negative, of using social media during study breaks. Current research has shown that mindfulness - defined as being non-judgmentally aware of the present moment - is negatively associated with social media use and is a common intervention for many of the negative outcomes that are associated with excessive social media use. It remains unknown, however, whether a brief mindfulness practice during a study break impacts university students, and how that effect compares to the effect of other study break activities, including social media use. The purpose of this research project was to compare the effect of three different types of study breaks: using social media, participating in mindfulness meditation, or simply sitting (control group). College students were placed in a setting where they were asked to complete a remote associates task (RAT). In the midst of the difficult task, they were given a break period and, depending on the condition, spent the break either practicing mindfulness, using social media, or simply sitting quietly. Pre/post ratings of mindfulness, stress, and anxiety were gathered along with performance measures on the RAT task. Preliminary data shows that the mindfulness break decreases feelings of stress and anxiety compared to the social media break. RAT performance was not affected, but this may represent a floor effect. These findings suggest that compared to social media, mindfulness is a more effective break in reducing anxiety and stress for university students. Students can use this knowledge to help them engage in more effective study strategies. More research is needed to determine whether using social media or practicing mindfulness impacts one's performance.
Faculty Advisor: Darowski, Emily (Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library); Erekson, David (Brigham Young University, Counseling and Psychological Services)
Social media is becoming an increasingly popular means of communication and content sharing; this rise is especially prevalent among young adults, including university students. We are not aware of any research that has examined the impact, positive or negative, of using social media during study breaks. Current research has shown that mindfulness - defined as being non-judgmentally aware of the present moment - is negatively associated with social media use and is a common intervention for many of the negative outcomes that are associated with excessive social media use. It remains unknown, however, whether a brief mindfulness practice during a study break impacts university students, and how that effect compares to the effect of other study break activities, including social media use. The purpose of this research project was to compare the effect of three different types of study breaks: using social media, participating in mindfulness meditation, or simply sitting (control group). College students were placed in a setting where they were asked to complete a remote associates task (RAT). In the midst of the difficult task, they were given a break period and, depending on the condition, spent the break either practicing mindfulness, using social media, or simply sitting quietly. Pre/post ratings of mindfulness, stress, and anxiety were gathered along with performance measures on the RAT task. Preliminary data shows that the mindfulness break decreases feelings of stress and anxiety compared to the social media break. RAT performance was not affected, but this may represent a floor effect. These findings suggest that compared to social media, mindfulness is a more effective break in reducing anxiety and stress for university students. Students can use this knowledge to help them engage in more effective study strategies. More research is needed to determine whether using social media or practicing mindfulness impacts one's performance.
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The Border Wall
Black, Justin (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Smith-Johnson, Amber (Utah Valley University, English)
Many American's disagree on immigration policy, especially the southern border. Nobody can agree on what a secure border is, making the task to secure it impossible. When both sides adamantly oppose each other, refusing to compromise, or even listen, it's extremely difficult to compose a solution. Through my research, I hope to provide a realistic method to strengthen the border that would appease the differing views on the subject. The smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal immigration are dire situations that demand action. However, a wall isn't the answer. Esteban Flores breaks down past successful border walls in Egypt, Spain, and Israel, comparing them to the projected wall in America. As proposed, history shows the wall alone will fail. Smugglers have proven capable of getting around the existing border. Whichever means employed, adding more won't deter them. We can learn this from Egypt's wall, which didn't impede contraband at all. Smugglers dug beneath it, until the government added twenty meters underground. Using Spain's wall, we can see that it won't stop those determined to get here. More drastic measures will be taken to bypass the extra security, resulting in an increase of fatalities. Most immigrants now get to America by plane as well. Two-thirds of illegal immigrants residing in America came on a Visa and never left. We don't have the time, nor money, to waste on a wall that history has shown will not work. I propose that we implement technology at the border. Drones, ground sensors, and cameras have the capacity to be more effective and less expensive than a wall. Combining this strategy at the border with new legislation that expands all quotas and caps, illegal immigration will go down, illegal activity at the border will be gridlocked, and lives will be saved.
Faculty Advisor: Smith-Johnson, Amber (Utah Valley University, English)
Many American's disagree on immigration policy, especially the southern border. Nobody can agree on what a secure border is, making the task to secure it impossible. When both sides adamantly oppose each other, refusing to compromise, or even listen, it's extremely difficult to compose a solution. Through my research, I hope to provide a realistic method to strengthen the border that would appease the differing views on the subject. The smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal immigration are dire situations that demand action. However, a wall isn't the answer. Esteban Flores breaks down past successful border walls in Egypt, Spain, and Israel, comparing them to the projected wall in America. As proposed, history shows the wall alone will fail. Smugglers have proven capable of getting around the existing border. Whichever means employed, adding more won't deter them. We can learn this from Egypt's wall, which didn't impede contraband at all. Smugglers dug beneath it, until the government added twenty meters underground. Using Spain's wall, we can see that it won't stop those determined to get here. More drastic measures will be taken to bypass the extra security, resulting in an increase of fatalities. Most immigrants now get to America by plane as well. Two-thirds of illegal immigrants residing in America came on a Visa and never left. We don't have the time, nor money, to waste on a wall that history has shown will not work. I propose that we implement technology at the border. Drones, ground sensors, and cameras have the capacity to be more effective and less expensive than a wall. Combining this strategy at the border with new legislation that expands all quotas and caps, illegal immigration will go down, illegal activity at the border will be gridlocked, and lives will be saved.
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Speech perception of various acoustic structures in children with speech delay with and without dyslexia
Ipsen, Melannee; Allen, Audrey; Urness, Katherine; Thacker, Melinda; Cabbage, Kathryn (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Cabbage, Kathryn (McKay School of Education, Communication Disorders)
Speech delays affect up to 12% of children and are the most common communication disorder treated by speech-language pathologists (Lewis et al., 2006). Furthermore, approximately 18% of preschool-aged children with speech delay will develop dyslexia or other reading impairments (Lewis et al., 2011).
Current research agrees that both children with SD and those with dyslexia have deficits in phonology---the underlying system responsible for processing and organizing speech sounds (Anthony et al., 2011; Snowling, 2000). Both children with SD and children with dyslexia have specific deficits in speech perception (Lof & Synan, 1997; Rosen, 2003). It is unclear the degree to which these groups differ in underlying aspects of phonology, such as speech perception. Prior research suggests that these children may display distinct speech perception patterns based on their SD or dyslexia status (Cabbage, Hogan, and Carrell, 2016; Johnson et al., 2011). Speech components that cause speech perception difficulties for children with SD may be different from those that cause difficulty for those with dyslexia. Specifically, children with SD have been shown to have more difficulty perceiving the rapid temporal aspects, or spectral structure, of speech (e.g., formant frequency transitions) while those with dyslexia have been shown to have more difficulties perceiving the more global structure of speech (e.g., amplitude envelopes, syllabic cues) (Cabbage, et al., 2016; Goswami, 2011; Johnson et al., 2011).
The current study compares speech perception abilities in children with SD, children with SD+dyslexia, and typical peers in speech modified in spectral and global acoustic structure. We expect children with SD or SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for spectral speech tasks and only children with SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for global speech tasks. These findings will be used to help detect which children with SDs are at a higher risk for developing dyslexia.
Faculty Advisor: Cabbage, Kathryn (McKay School of Education, Communication Disorders)
Speech delays affect up to 12% of children and are the most common communication disorder treated by speech-language pathologists (Lewis et al., 2006). Furthermore, approximately 18% of preschool-aged children with speech delay will develop dyslexia or other reading impairments (Lewis et al., 2011).
Current research agrees that both children with SD and those with dyslexia have deficits in phonology---the underlying system responsible for processing and organizing speech sounds (Anthony et al., 2011; Snowling, 2000). Both children with SD and children with dyslexia have specific deficits in speech perception (Lof & Synan, 1997; Rosen, 2003). It is unclear the degree to which these groups differ in underlying aspects of phonology, such as speech perception. Prior research suggests that these children may display distinct speech perception patterns based on their SD or dyslexia status (Cabbage, Hogan, and Carrell, 2016; Johnson et al., 2011). Speech components that cause speech perception difficulties for children with SD may be different from those that cause difficulty for those with dyslexia. Specifically, children with SD have been shown to have more difficulty perceiving the rapid temporal aspects, or spectral structure, of speech (e.g., formant frequency transitions) while those with dyslexia have been shown to have more difficulties perceiving the more global structure of speech (e.g., amplitude envelopes, syllabic cues) (Cabbage, et al., 2016; Goswami, 2011; Johnson et al., 2011).
The current study compares speech perception abilities in children with SD, children with SD+dyslexia, and typical peers in speech modified in spectral and global acoustic structure. We expect children with SD or SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for spectral speech tasks and only children with SD+dyslexia will show poorer perception for global speech tasks. These findings will be used to help detect which children with SDs are at a higher risk for developing dyslexia.
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Teaching and Enforcing Burnout Among Grade School Students
Mattei, Dustin; Angell, Emma; Truman, Savanah; Wood, Kyle; Holiday, Pam; Gonzales, Veronica; Price, Ashton (Dixie State University)
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State university, Applied Sociology)
This presentation analyzes the teaching and acceptance of burnout within the societal contract for children in the Washington County school district in Utah. This study, from the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at Dixie State University, as part of the Quality of Life Initiative, seeks to evaluate burnout among children ages 5-18 in the Washington County School District. Through the literary review, it is suggested that our society creates a culture of burnout, which is taught and accepted at young ages. Such teaching creates a life-long subconscious contract of acceptance of burnout among affected members within our society. Some symptoms of burnout can include; anxiety, depression, headaches, chronic stress, insomnia, forgetfulness, etc. Furthermore, seeking help for burnout symptoms has been frowned upon by society, until recently with the emergence of Wellness Rooms. This response to burnout among children in Washington County School District shows that acceptance has been established. The ISR team has developed a survey instrument currently in circulation at Dixie State University. We expect our data to correlate with the preparatory research conducted by the Institute of Social Research.
Faculty Advisor: Oxley, Robert (Dixie State university, Applied Sociology)
This presentation analyzes the teaching and acceptance of burnout within the societal contract for children in the Washington County school district in Utah. This study, from the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at Dixie State University, as part of the Quality of Life Initiative, seeks to evaluate burnout among children ages 5-18 in the Washington County School District. Through the literary review, it is suggested that our society creates a culture of burnout, which is taught and accepted at young ages. Such teaching creates a life-long subconscious contract of acceptance of burnout among affected members within our society. Some symptoms of burnout can include; anxiety, depression, headaches, chronic stress, insomnia, forgetfulness, etc. Furthermore, seeking help for burnout symptoms has been frowned upon by society, until recently with the emergence of Wellness Rooms. This response to burnout among children in Washington County School District shows that acceptance has been established. The ISR team has developed a survey instrument currently in circulation at Dixie State University. We expect our data to correlate with the preparatory research conducted by the Institute of Social Research.
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