2013 Abstracts

Alisha Ryan, Weber State University Microbiology One of the major challenges facing U.S. military caregivers is the presence of multidrug resistant organisms in extremity wounds. The most frequently identified drug resistant strains of bacteria found in these wounds are Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Due to these organisms rapid increase in resistance to the commonly used drugs, it is crucial to discover and establish alternative methods for treating these microbial infections. Antibiotics are currently the most common treatment for infections by these pathogens, and there is little data on the evaluation of phytochemicals as potential chemotherapeutic agents that could take their place. We have screened 24 individual compounds from 9 major compound families to determine if plant-based phytochemicals could be explored further for use in treating bacterial infections in patients with military wounds. All compounds were tested to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC). Of the 24 compounds tested, 21 (87.5%) inhibited at least one strain used in this study, with only 1 of the 24 (4.2%) inhibiting all strains. There were 10 (41.7%) of the compounds that displayed MIC values less than 100 _g/ml. For compounds displaying MLCs, they ranged from 2.5 mg/ml to 78.13 g/ml. While there is much more research that needs to be done with each of these compounds, this work is a crucial first step in the drug discovery process. We believe that several of these may serve as potential novel inhibitors of these drug-resistant bacteria.

Graham Doherty, Westminster College Biology The Great Salt Lake is home to Artemia Franciscana, a species otherwise known as brine shrimp. These halophiles are able to live in extreme environments that have higher than average salt concentrations. Brine shrimp live their entire life cycles in the Great Salt Lake and can be found in both the north and south arm of the lake. Currently, the genetic information regarding the brine shrimp populations at different locations in the lake is underdeveloped. The Artemia populations live in different microenvironments throughout the lake with different physical characteristics and barriers between one another. The physical environment also affects the salt concentration in each microenvironment. Other studies have shown that the increased salinity of an environment accelerates the rate of change in the mitochondrial genome. We feel that different salinity levels in each microenvironment will create different amounts of genetic variation. Our goal is to determine if the distribution of genetic variation is different at different sites in the Great Salt Lake Artemia population.

Dakota Hawkins, Westminster College Arts and Sciences Abstract. Previous studies have documented effects of urbanization on the behavior, reproduction and survival of wildlife. Specifically, noise pollution in urban areas has been known to mask communication among several avian species. In a previous study in Mexico City, House Finches increased the frequency (pitch) of their songs to help mitigate the effects of low frequency urban noise. To document the average minimum frequency of House Finch song in Utah, we recorded House Finches singing from May 2012 to August 2012. Three sample sites with 1 km radii were established in Salt Lake City, Utah while a fourth site was sampled in Logan, Utah. Ambient sound was recorded at locations where songs were recorded to measure urban noise. Average minimum song frequencies and ambient noise were calculated for three sites. Frequency measurements were not significantly different among the three urban populations. Future studies will compare the minimum frequency of these urban populations to nonurban populations and investigate syllable structure and use.

Jeff Collins, Westminster College Biology The Great Salt Lake (GSL) has some of the highest mercury concentrations ever measured in surface waters. The accumulation of high levels of mercury, particularly its more toxic and readily biomagnified form, methylmercury, has been recorded in many species that inhabit or feed directly in the GSL, including waterfowl. However, no studies at the GSL, and very few studies elsewhere, have investigated the transfer of mercury from aquatic ecosystems to terrestrial ecosystems. We hypothesized that brine flies are able to accumulate mercury during their larval stages in the lake, then transfer this mercury to adjacent terrestrial ecosystems when they become flying adults. Concentrations of total mercury (HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured in samples of surface water and brine flies (larvae, pupae, and adults) collected once each month between February and July at Antelope Island, in the GSL. Samples were collected from two distinct sites: one along Gilbert Bay on the west side of the Island, and the other along Farmington Bay on the east. On average, HgT concentrations are greater in water samples from Farmington Bay (19.3 ± 9.0 ng/L unfiltered; 13.5 ± 10.1 ng/L filtered) compared to Gilbert Bay (8.5 ± 7.5 ng/L unfiltered; 9.2 ± 9.6 ng/L filtered). MeHg and HgT levels in brine flies displayed the opposite trend, with higher levels at Gilbert Bay (567 ± 123 ppb HgT; 425 ± 12 ppb MeHg) than at Farmington Bay (270 ± 60 ppb HgT; 208 ± 35 ppb MeHg). Potential explanations for the trends observed will be discussed.

Kristie Williamson, Weber State University Athletic Training Context: Cranial Nerve V (CN V; Trigeminal nerve) is responsible for facial sensation. CN V has three separate branches which include ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. The ophthalmic nerve (V1) carries sensory information from the forehead; the maxillary nerve (V2) carries information from the cheek; and the mandibular nerve (V3) carries information from the chin. It is important to test all three areas of cranial nerve V to accurately assess full nerve function. Previous research has indicated that pressure threshold is not affected by age, however, normative values for two-point discrimination for CN V have not yet been established and may prove useful in concussion evaluation. Objective: Initial investigation aimed at determining gender-specific normative values for CN V two-point discrimination. Design: Prospective repeated-measures design. Setting: This study was performed in the athletic training facilities on the campus of a large Division I institution. Patients or Other Participants: Convenience sample of 106 healthy students enrolled at our institution (43 females, average age: 23.2; 63 males, average age: 22.1). Participants had no history of concussion within the last year, no facial scaring or plastic surgery and not a current smoker. Interventions: Measurement was taken using a two-point discriminator (Disk-Criminator) on the mid-forehead, mid-cheek, and mid-chin. Participants closed their eyes while each measurement was taken. Light pressure was applied (force equal to approximately 10-15 grams to produce blanching of the skin). Measurements were taken three times on each of three facial locations, sequentially. The smallest number in millimeters (mm) to correctly discriminate one/two points was recorded. The two pressure points were applied at exactly the same time. Main Outcome Measure: Discrimination score for each test location (mid-forehead, mid-cheek, mid-chin). Nested average was calculated within subjects for each test location; average was calculated between subjects for each test location. One-way between-subjects ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate potential differences in gender for each test location. Results: Between-subjects average for mid-forehead was 7.8mm (+/2.9), for mid-cheek was 10.4mm (+/2.6), and for mid-chin was 5.9mm (+/1.9). There was a significant effect for gender for cheek normative value (p<0.01); average discrimination score for males was 11mm, average for female was 9.7mm.

Jason Chen, University of Utah Biology Both human language and birdsong are learned sensorimotor processes that require exposure to adult communication signals in order to be reproduced. The social aspect of the development of these vocal signals is distinctive because interaction is not required for the development of vocal signals in other organisms. Human infants isolated from interaction will not learn to speak normally. The need for interaction is also characteristic of the ontogeny of vocal signals in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), but only zebra finch males develop vocal signals, in the form of song. Juveniles raised in isolation will develop highly atypical song characterized by prolonged, monotonic syllables and irregular rhythms. When juveniles are tutored by these isolated birds in one-on-one conditions their song drifts towards normally raised birds. It is unclear how tutoring, as a social interaction, influences this observation. We hypothesized that different social experience influences birdsong. We predicted the song of juveniles raised in isolation with an experienced female to be closer to normal song than that of those raised in isolated sibling groups, or those raised in isolation. Current data suggest that the syntax and temporal features of song from juveniles raised in isolation with experienced females is indeed closer to normal song than that of isolated juveniles.

Harsh Kansagra, Southern Utah University Biology Anthoxanthum hirtum is a native grass with many traditional and modern uses, including human medicinal benefits. Populations are found locally in Utah, but at higher elevations, usually above 2500 m. Indigenous people used native sweetgrass in a variety of ways, including medicinally, as ceremonial incense, and in basketry. The active compound that elicits the sweet fragrance of the grass is produced by coumarin, a secondary metabolite used today both medicinally and commercially. Plants most often produce secondary metabolites, or essential oils, as a defense against pathogens, but these antimicrobial properties have not been investigated in A. hirtum. Our research used the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test to determine if closely related commercial diploid and polyploid sweetgrass strains (Anthoxanthum odoratum), as well as plants from native A. hirtum populations, produce zones of inhibition when tested against associated soil bacteria and fungi. Results of our research showed all species tested produced inhibition zones, but zone size varied in response to the secondary metabolites produced by each plant type. Despite this variation, these data suggest components of the essential oils may have antimicrobial properties. Results of this study increase our understanding of the antimicrobial properties of secondary metabolites produced by A. hirtum as well as the essential oils produced by commercial diploid and polyploid strains. Future studies will focus on identifying the chemical composition of each extract as well as the specific bacterial and fungal species associated with each plant.

Diego Cordero, University of Utah Biology Many zygotes and spores of brown algae are photosensitive and establish a developmental axis in accordance with directional light cues. Ectocarpus siliculosus is being advanced as a genetic and genomic model organism for investigating brown alga development, and this report investigates photopolarization of the growth axis of mitospores. When exposed to unidirectional light, mitospores photopolarized and established a growth axis such that germination was preferentially localized to the shaded hemisphere of the spore body. The roles of the microtubule cytoskeleton and endomembrane cycling in the photopolarization process were investigated using pharmacological agents. Disruption of microtubule dynamics progressively reduced the percentage of mitospores that photopolarized, while inhibition of vesicle secretion blocked photopolarization nearly completely. Chronic treatment with these pharmacological agents severely affected algal morphogenesis. Microtubules in mitospores and algal filaments were imaged by confocal microscopy. Mitospores contained a radial microtubule array emanating from a centrosome associated with the nuclear envelope. At germination, the radial array gradually transitioned into a longitudinal array with microtubules extending into the emerging apex. At mitosis, spindles were aligned with the growth axis of cylindrical cells in the filament, and the division plane bisected the spindle axis. These studies demonstrate that dynamic membrane cycling and microtubule assembly play fundamental roles in photopolarization, and provide a foundation for future genetic and genomic investigations of this important developmental process.

Travis Wood, Southern Utah University Biology Speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus, is a small minnow that occupies river systems in Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. These minnows prefer clean, faster-moving water with plenty of cover such as rocks or undercuts. The invasive crayfish Orconectes virilis inhabits areas where the Virgin spinedace is found and has a similar diet being an opportunistic feeder. I tested the hypothesis that the natural behavior of Virgin spinedace will be altered due to the presence of crayfish. I predicted that the spinedace would avoid the crayfish and stay out in the open exposing them to a higher risk of predation, since crayfish are a more aggressive organism and will try and eat virtually anything they come into contact with. The experimental trials were conducted (N=24) in Quail Creek, Utah. Large plastic bins with the front and back replaced with screen were used to allow water flow through our experimental chambers. Each bin was placed in the creek and had rocks, and an undercut bank to resemble the native habitat. Controls consisted of placing isolated Virgin spinedace in one of the bins to observe its behavior. In both controls and experimental trials, either 2 spinedace, or 5+ spinedace were added. In experimental trials, I introduced 2 crayfish into the experimental chambers with the Virgin spinedace and allowed them to acclimate for 10 minutes. After the 10 minute acclimation period, behavioral observations were made. Results indicated that when 2 spinedace were present along with the crayfish, they would stay out in the open and the crayfish would occupy the cover or undercut. When 5+ spinedace were present with crayfish, the spinedace displayed a mobbing or “strength in numbers” behavior where they would occupy the undercut and either clog it up with their presence so the crayfish would leave, or mob the crayfish to make them leave. This behavior was opposite of what I predicted would happen. Since this mobbing or “strength in numbers” behavior was not observed with the samples of just 2 spinedace, this may be a behavioral adaptation resulting from the presence crayfish. Further research can be done on the behavioral effects of various fish species in the presence of introduced or invasive species to determine if this behavior is seen in other fishes.

Sarah Miller, Southern Utah University Agriculture and Nutrition Science The high intake of fat in the average American diet is a growing concern to the nutritional community. High levels of total fat intake increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) which is the number one killer in America. The successful development of low fat recipes that can be accessed and produced by the general population is valuable to the fight against obesity and CVD. If acceptable products can be made with lower fat content then it is possible to lower the fat intake in a person’s diet. This study is designed to test the acceptability of low-fat desserts using every day food products available for home use as fat substitutes. Four popular “name-brand” recipes were altered by removing 55-73% of the fat and replacing it with a common food item, either pureed white or pinto beans, applesauce or yogurt. Southern Utah University students were recruited via flyers, in class announcements, and word of mouth. Participants (n=56) were asked to taste and evaluate the four products. Afterwards they completed a short survey about their knowledge of low-fat food substitutes and acceptability of the products. Results and conclusions forthcoming.

Sarah Miller, Southern Utah University Biology As humans, we have the ability to change our diets if we are deficient in any specific nutrient. Many animals have the ability to change their diet if they are deficient in nutrients. However, for many carnivores, it is generally thought that a prey item will have the same nutritional composition as the predator body composition. Carnivores are limited nutritionally in their diet. This means that they only get nutrients from the prey that they are able to locate to consume. This study is investigating prey choice of invertebrate predators (wolf spiders) when their prey item has been altered to be deficient in one specific nutrient (lipid or protein). I predict that the spiders will be able to choose the correct prey item for the nutrient in which they are deficient. The total weight of flies eaten in each treatment will be measured to determine if wolf spiders select prey items based on the nutrient content of the prey. Results will be analyzed using a nested ANOVA.

Joshua Horns, University of Utah Biology There are numerous arresting differences between the hands of humans and those of chimps, principally among them the shortening of metacarpals 2-5, the relative increase in length of the thumb, and the development of separate musculature controlling flexion of the thumb. In addition to improving manual dexterity, these changes allow humans, in contrast to chimps and other apes, to make a buttressed fist with the phalanges pressed against the central palm and the thumb adducted onto the dorsal surface of the phalanges. We believe this hand posture greatly reduces the strain experienced by a fully formed fist when striking with force, thereby rendering the human hand as a more effective weapon. We tested this idea by manipulating the tendons in a cadaver arm to induce the hand to form into buttressed and non-buttressed conformations, and then tested each conformation by having the hand strike a hanging instrumented mass to measure the force of each strike. Additionally, the 2nd metacarpal of the hand was fitted with a strain gauge so that strain in the bone could be compared to the force of the strikes. The results of these tests showed that there was a significant drop in strain in the buttressed fist (in comparison to the non-buttressed) for a given force.

Dillon Monroe, Southern Utah University Biology When an area is developed no part of that habitat is left unaffected. Urbanization creates many problems for animals by creating physical barriers, fragmenting habitat, introducing completely new habitat, and introducing species. Exotic species are often better competitors for resources and often competitively exclude native species, resulting in population declines and ecosystem disruption. Despite the negative effects of urbanization some species are able to adapt and survive in urban ecosystems. One such species is the wandering garter snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans). This species is described as a generalist in habitat selection and is often seen in urban communities basking on sidewalks and pavement, living in gardens, and feeding on rodents, insects, and other species. One unique characteristic of this genus is that prey preference has been observed as being a genetic trait and possesses variation, and as such can be modified via natural selection. For my research project I looked at whether prey preference of T. elegans vagrans differs between snakes from three different locations with varying levels of human development. From these three locations in Utah, Tropic reservoir, Monroe (Sevier River), and Utah Lake, we obtained a total of 14 snakes and found that in this group of snakes there is no correlation of prey preference in snakes to level of development of the habitat.

Adrian Scottorn, Salt Lake Community College Natural Sciences Chocolate has long been the favorite snack of many, and recent studies have shown multiple positive health benefits of eating dark chocolate in particular, encouraging production and consumption of very high cacao content bars. We have quantified some of the changes that occur to the amount of known flavor compounds contained in a locally made artisan chocolate. The bars we chose were 70% minimum single origin cacao made with as few other ingredients as possible. By first measuring the amount of known flavor compounds, then stressing the bars in various ways, we looked in to what really happens when a quality chocolate bar is mistreated.

Andrew Jo, University of Utah Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences All cells, including retinal neurons and glia, must sense and adapt to physical changes in their local environment (e.g. changes in osmotic pressure). Osmotic water flux can cause aberrant cell volume changes, which can contribute to tissue damage, edema, and neuronal hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity. We hypothesized that force-sensitive proteins enable retinal cells to monitor their physical form (e.g. volume) and help maintain homeostasis by regulating cell volume. To test this, we first investigated the properties of cell morphology when cells were bathed in solutions with different tonicities. Under these conditions, we measured changes in cell volume due to osmosis in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and Müller glia. We found RGCs were unable to actively adjust their volume, whereas Müller glia reduced their swollen volume in the continued presence of hypotonicity. The regulation of cellular volume often involves calcium signals. We tested whether calcium plays a role in the regulation of retinal cell volume. Free calcium within the cells was sequestered using cytosolic BAPTA, which decreased the extent of hypotonic swelling. This demonstrates that calcium elevations increase the extent of cell swelling. Because cell volume was dependent on calcium, which was elevated by membrane stretch, we hypothesized that the osmosensitive cation channel TRPV4 would transduce osmotic pressure and contribute to cell volume regulation. In an experiment using a selective TRPV4 inhibitor, the extent of hypotonic-induced swelling was reduced. Thus, the opening of TRPV4 leads to a calcium influx that exacerbated cellular swelling. In addition, we tested the idea that TRPV1 cation channel is involved in responses to osmotic stimuli. In an experiment using a selective TRPV1 antagonist, preliminary results show that the extent of hypotonic-induced swelling decreased. This signals that TRPV1 may have a role in volume regulation in retinal neurons and glia. Thus, inhibition of these force-sensitive protein channels might alleviate the deleterious effects of volume changes in pathological contexts. Our findings therefore have implications for our understanding of retinal mechanotransduction and osmoregulation as well as provide a mechanistic framework for developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at blinding conditions that involve mechanical stress and cellular morphology.

Makenzie Hawkins, University of Utah Nutrition Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Gamma-tocopherol (GTC) has been studied in its relation to hypertension and CVD. GTC has protective effects on the endothelium of arteries; the endothelium is in part responsible for regulating arterial relaxation and reducing blood pressure (BP). Diabetic mice (DB) were chosen for this study because of the associated co-morbidities of hypertension and excess body weight. Eight-week-old mice were divided into 3 separate groups: wild-type fed control (CON) diets (n=12), DB fed CON diets (n=12), and DB fed GTC supplemented diets (0.1%, n=12). BP was measured every week for 8 wk. Body weights were measured every wk and morphometric values were measured at the end of the 8-wk period. There was no statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in systolic and diastolic BP between DB-GTC and DB-CON. There was also no statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in heart rate between DB-GTC and DB-CON. After 8 wk, DB-GTC mice had lower (P<0.05) body weight versus the DB-CON group. In conclusion, a GTC supplemented diet did not result in a change in BP. However, GTC may have blunted weight gain and adipose tissue mass in DB-GTC compared to DB-CON. We speculate this may be due to a reduction of food consumption during the experimental period.

Chris Thurman, Salt Lake Community College Natural Sciences This project is an ongoing multifaceted investigation of the Jordan River. The study’s intent is to monitor and asses the overall condition of the river from Utah Lake to the Great Salt Lake. Samples of river and pond water, typical vegetation such as cattails, and some soils have been collected with reference to sites along the river that may serve as sites for the introduction of waste and other contaminants. These samples have so far been examined with respect to temperature and dissolved oxygen at the sampling point. Two river samples, one pond sample, and plant sample have been analyzed by ICP-MS for 20 different metals. The levels of Lead, Cadmium, and Copper have been determined by anodic stripping voltammetry at the ppb level in a variety of other water samples from the river. The results of these measurements are disused and presented Geospatially.

Lacie Cates, Salt Lake Community College Natural Sciences According to the Salt Lake Valley Health Department 1 the optimal level of fluoride is 0 .7 to 1.2 ppm in drinking water. Also acidity of many foods and drinks leads to tooth decay. In 2003 the State of Utah started adding fluoride to tap water. Then in 2008 Utah counties voted on addition of fluoride resulting in a variation of water treatment from county to county. At present the state has about 50% of the population receiving fluoride treated water with the aim of providing the 1 ppm fluoride level. It has also been reported that some counties are considering cutting back to about 0.7 ppm 2 . This study examined the pH and fluoride content of water samples from the major population counties in Utah. Fluoride levels ranged from 0.08 – 0.92 ppm. The pH values for these samples ranged from 6.26 -8.08. A further study of the fluoride levels and pH in bottled water and other drinks and foods such as fruit and cheese was conducted because many people in Utah do not drink tap water, particularly in regions of high water hardness or areas where taste and / or odor can be off putting. The pH values ranged from 2 to 8. The most acidic being colas and citrus based drinks and foods. The fluoride values varied from 0.03 to 0.47 ppm.

Viktor Jiracek, University of Utah Biology The nervous system is responsible for cognition, memory, and motor function. Neurons communicate with each other at intercellular connections called synapses. It is at these locations that vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the space between the neurons (synaptic cleft). SNARE proteins (synaptobrevin, syntaxin and SNAP-25) facilitate synaptic vesicle fusion by winding together in a four-helix bundle forcing the mixture of opposing membranes. After exocytosis, the cell regenerates vesicles by a process called endocytosis. This process involves the budding of membrane back into the cytoplasm re-forming a functional synaptic vesicle. This progression from vesicle fusion to internalization is termed the “synaptic vesicle cycle” and is coordinated by a long list of molecular players. The SNARE proteins are classically considered to be unique to exocytosis. However, preliminary results from Erik Jorgensen’s lab have implicated SNAP-25 in endocytosis. Although we have evidence that SNAP-25 is required for endocytosis, the molecular mechanism is completely unknown. In this proposal we use forward genetics in the model organism C. elegans to identify novel protein interactions required for SNAP-25 mediated endocytosis. We have designed three suppressor screens that are predicted to target the role of SNAP-25 in exocytosis, endocytosis and general function. The first two screens use crippled forms of SNAP-25 (hypomorphs) while the last screen uses a deletion allele of the SNAP-25 gene (null mutation). With these screens we hope to precisely identify the molecular players involved in SNAP-25 mediated endocytosis versus exocytosis.

Heather Shumway, Southern Utah University Biology Glossiphoniids are jawless leeches that feed using a proboscis, which they use to impale prey so that they can feed on their prey’s blood and tissues. This study focuses on two different species, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis. Helobdella stagnalis feed on a variety of prey, including bloodworms and freshwater snails, often feeding together in large groups. When a prey item is placed in the container, H. stagnalis immediately begin smelling the water and moving toward the prey. After the first H. stagnalis makes contact and secures prey, other individuals within the group will move to that area, often passing prey along the way, to attach to the same prey item. Once a number of individuals have started feeding, the prey is often broken into smaller pieces and individuals can then begin feeding on various sized pieces. This is in contrast to members of the species Glossiphonia complanata, who appear to be selective with their prey, and have been observed going up to 4 weeks without feeding, even in the presence of their non-preferred prey (bloodworms). When preferred prey (freshwater snails) were placed in the container, unfed G. complanata did not immediately begin smelling the water or initiate hunting. Unlike H. stagnalis which feed in groups, G. complanata appear to prefer feeding alone, and have even exhibited competitive behaviors.

Kristian Johnson, Dixie State University Biology Antimicrobial methods, such antibiotics and Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, have been a means of suppressing prokaryote proliferation for nearly a century. Over the last several years, scientists have found that numerous strains of prokaryotes have developed resistance to antibiotics. Concurrently, the process of bacterial irradiation using UV-C is common practice in a variety of sterilization applications. As revealed in the seminal work by Chang et al. inactivation curves for Microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) were established in 1985. Their values indicate survival rates based on Intensity, which is defined as the time of UV irradiance per unit area. Similar to the evolutionary evidence of antibiotic resistance, we are interested in the selective pressure UV-C has on Staph. By recapitulating Chang’s experiment nearly 30 years later, our preliminary results indicate an increased resistance to UV-C in Staph. In this experiment, we determine a current UV-C dose-dependent kill rate function for Staph.

Kandrie MyIroie, University of Utah Human Genetics In C. elegans, sperm activation is the process through which sperm become motile. Genes that regulate sperm motility are being identified through a genetic screen. In this screen, swm-1 mutants that have sperm that activate too early are mutagenized, and genes regulating sperm motility can be found when the sperm of mutant worms no longer activated too early. Two genes have already been identified, try-5 and snf-10, and these can help identify new mutations. By selecting specific strains with sperm activation defects, the mutations causing the defect can be characterized. To sort through the many mutants, complementation tests to identify them as a new gene, or a new allele of try-5, snf-10 are being done. Selectively crossing an unknown mutant strain to a strain with a known mutation in try-5 or snf-10 will help identify the unknown mutation. If the progeny of the cross have activated sperm then the two strains complement each other. In this case the alleles must be in different genes and the unknown mutation from that cross has not been identified. If the progeny instead has non-activated sperm then the mutations failed to complement and the unknown mutation is allelic to the mutation it was crossed with. One new allele of try-5 and of snf-10 has been found. It is suspected that the other strains contain alleles of new genes not previously identified. Further complementation tests will be done to test this theory.

Michael Barney, Southern Utah University Biology Parkinson’s disease is caused by a decrease in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which results in a loss of motor control. Although the exact causes of Parkinson’s disease are unclear, studies have shown that exposure to environmental contaminants causes death of cells in the substantia nigra (McCormack et al., 2002). The purpose of our study is to investigate the potential role of fire retardant as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. We subcutaneously injected 8 experimental mice with retardant solution (1 ml/60 g body weight) and 7 control mice with saline solution (1 ml/60 g body weight). Each mouse was given 8 injections over four weeks, after which the mice were sacrificed and brains were harvested. Frozen sections (40 mm thick) were mounted on slides and are being processed using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, which will be visualized using a peroxidase reaction. The number of cells in the substantia nigra will be counted and compared between control and experimental groups. Our hypothesis is that exposure to fire retardant is a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. If this hypothesis is supported, this would be the first study to show a link between fire retardants and Parkinson’s disease. This would have important implications for current forest fire fighting techniques.

Lee Leavitt, University of Utah Biology Chronic methamphetamine (METH) abuse leads to structural and functional damage in the brain, which likely contributes to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Recent data suggest an association between METH abuse and impaired inhibitory control over behavior; that is an impaired ability to inhibit inappropriate actions or thoughts. However, the extent to which METH-induced neurotoxicity is responsible for such impairment remains to be determined. Previously, we reported that rats with METH-induced partial dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) loss in striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) exhibited impaired response inhibition in the form of perseverative responding. Furthermore, levels of serotonin transporter (SERT) binding in PFC correlated with perseverative responding. Herein, we have examined another dimension of response inhibition impulsive action, which is an inability to withhold a “pre-potent” response in rats with METH-induced neurotoxicity. Rats were trained to perform a stop-signal task (SST). Once rats achieved stable responding (>80% correct response) on both “Go” and “Stop” trials, they were treated with saline (0.9%), a neurotoxic regimen of METH (4 x 10 mg/kg, 2-hr intervals, s.c.) under normal ambient temperature conditions (“neurotoxic” METH group) or the METH regimen under cooling conditions (“normothermic” METH group). One week after the treatment, rats were again tested on the SST. After behavioral tests were done, animals were sacrificed and brains removed for determination of monoamine loss. The results showed: 1) the “neurotoxic” METH-, but not the “normothermic” METH or saline-treated rats, showed a 40-60% loss of SERT and dopamine transporter (DAT) binding in PFC and striatum; 2) the “neurotoxic” METH group showed normal behavioral performance in “Go” trials of the SST relative to the “normothermic” METH group or saline controls; 3) the “neurotoxic” METH group exhibited impaired withholding of a “pre-potent” response, as reflected by increased numbers of errors on the “Stop” trials of the SST. Overall, these data suggest that impaired inhibitory control over behavior (i.e., increased impulsive action) can arise as a consequence of METH-induced neurotoxicity to central dopamine and serotonin systems. Supported by NIH grant DA 024036

Heidi Montgomery, University of Utah Biology Parasites are arguably the most diverse group of organisms on the planet. One key factor in determining patterns of parasite biodiversity is the number of host species a parasite can infect, or its host specificity. However, surprisingly very little is known about the evolution of host specificity. Here I use domesticated pigeons (Columba livia) and their ectoparasitic feather lice (Columbicola columbae) to demonstrate how parasite body size influences host use. The current study has two main goals: 1) to use different sized hosts to experimentally evolve louse body size, and 2) to determine how parasite body size effects host specificity. Four breeds of domesticated pigeons were infested with parasitic feather lice. After roughly six generations, mean louse body size changed with respect to host body size, with the largest pigeons having the largest lice. Interestingly, the smallest pigeons had larger lice as well. However, this increase in louse size appears to be the result of a change in microhabitat use, with lice shifting from predominantly the wings and tail to the head. This study is one of the first to experimentally demonstrate how changes in parasite morphology and behavior influence the evolution of host specificity.

Adam Olson, Brigham Young University Plant and Wildlife Sciences Forests systems of the Central Rocky Mountains rely on an intricate balance of natural disturbance cycles in order to develop properly. Forest fires are one such disturbance, however, certain fire characteristics, particularly fire severity, can vary widely across forest landscapes. In our study, we examined the influence of fire severity on aspen regeneration as well as aspen defense against wildlife and livestock browsing. Our results indicate that high or moderate burn severity is more favorable to aspen regeneration and survival. These areas of severe burn result in a higher density of aspen suckers, more vertical and lateral growth, greater chemical defense concentrations, and less browse damage than the neighboring plots of low or no burn. This data suggests that fire severity should be taken into account when considering plant regeneration and susceptibility to browse damage in burned landscapes.

Matthew Whited, Brigham Young University Biochemistry Several lines of evidence suggest that protein lysine acetylation pathways are deregulated in cancer (1). Moreover, deacetylase inhibitors are emerging as important anti-tumor therapeutics, suggesting that the forced reprogramming of protein-lysine acetylation is toxic to tumor cells. In this study we show that Sirt1, an NAD+-dependent Sirtuin deacetylase that promotes cancer cell survival, is aberrantly mislocalized to the cytoplasm of breast tumor cells. Moreover, the depletion of cytosolic Sirt1 by siRNA sensitizes breast tumor cells to paclitaxel-induced death. Previously, we developed a biotin-switch proteomics approach to identify cytosolic Sirt1 substrates (2). This approach yielded a variety of substrates with roles in metabolism, survival, and oxidative stress signaling. Our current work focuses on three of the proteins identified as Sirt1 substrates: SOD1, DJ-1, and 14-3-3z. SOD1 and DJ-1 both suppress oxidative stress-induced death, and high levels of 14-3-3z expression suppress chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and correlate with negative patient outcomes in breast cancer. Our preliminary results suggest that acetylation of DJ-1 and SOD1 suppress their anti-oxidant functions, while acetylation of 14-3-3z disrupts its binding to pro-survival proteins. Taken together, our data support a model in which cytosolic Sirt1 activates multiple pathways that work together to promote tumor cell survival.

Hyrum Shumway, Brigham Young University Microbiology and Molecular Biology Epigenetics is the study of factors of gene regulation that do not stem from the primary DNA sequence. One such example of epigenetic gene regulation is where DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. The positioning of nucleosomes is the first order of control for genic transcription. Wrapped DNA is less accessible for transcription compared to DNA that is nucleosome free. Model organisms for human epigenetics such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are invaluable because of their ease in manipulation and because the components of nucleosomes (histone proteins and DNA) are highly conserved across phylogeny. The purpose of my particular research is to develop and validate a new protocol for tissue-specific isolation of nucleosomes through immunoprecipitation in young adult C. elegans. This protocol leverages green fluorescent protein fused to histones to research nucleosome positioning in the germ-line cells of C. elegans nematodes. When successful in our animal model, this procedure is the first step in allowing analysis of chromatin architecture of any tissue at any developmental or disease state including human cells. The widespread prevalence and implications of human disease is staggering in magnitude. Research is ongoing to decrease morbidity, increase prevention, and fight infection. With epigenetic tools, this vital research is benefitted and supplemented.

Michael McEntire, Brigham Young University Biology Female mate choice (intersexual selection) and male dominance interactions (intrasexual selection) can each play important roles in sexual selection. These two mechanisms tend to be discussed in isolation. The goal of this study is to explore the interaction between these two forms of sexual selection. To test this idea, we focused on the livebearing tropical fish system Poecilia gillii. We grouped males into similarly sized pairs and observed them for a week to determine which male was dominant. These pairs were then presented to females in mate choice trials to ascertain female preference. We also photo- graphed the males to determine coloration. We found that females were unable to detect dominant males without viewing the physical contest and that carotenoid coloration bore no effect on female preference. Females tended to choose the male to their left, suggesting the preferential use of their right eyes in making decisions on mate choice.

Ji Su Park, Brigham Young University Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science Selenium (Se) and soy have each been shown to reduce risk for prostate cancer when consumed at high levels. The purpose of this project was to define the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer chemoprevention by Se and soy, and to describe how timing of dietary treatment modifies those effects. [C57BL/6 X FVB] F1 TRAMP (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) male mice were fed stock diets high or low in soy, with or without a supplement of Se (4.0 mg Se/kg BW as Se-meth- ylselenocysteine) by gavage 5 d/wk in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Mice were exposed to different diets starting from conception, 6 weeks, or 12 weeks of age and were sacrificed at 18 weeks. Three-way ANOVA showed that supplemental Se increased serum and liver Se, with significant interactions with both time and soy intake. Selenium dosing decreased BW independent of soy intake and time of dietary intervention. Both Se and soy decreased epididymal fat pad weights, with Se’s effects being more pronounced in mice exposed to diets from conception than from 6 wk. Urogenital tract weights, a measure of prostate proliferation and tumor volume, were significantly reduced by Se supplementation (P<0.001) and soy (p=0.044), independent of time of dietary intervention. Histological examination of mouse prostates is in progress to determine dietary effects on disease progression. These data suggest that, in this model, chemopreventive efficacy of Se and soy does not differ between prenatal and early post-natal introduction.

Marcus Vranes, Brigham Young University Molecular Biology Recent studies have attempted to discover the correlation that exists between DNA methylation and nucleosome positioning, but none have explored the direct effect of DNA methylation on nucleosome formation and positioning. This proposed research will directly test the effects DNA methylation has on nucleosome positioning and whether the histone octamer has preferred sequences to which it binds, which will in turn add our understanding of gene expression and regulation. A better understanding of these concepts will help to aid efforts in gene therapy to better the quality of life of many who suffer from various genetic conditions.

Whitney Hoopes, Brigham Young University Microbiology and Molecular Biology HspB2 is one of eleven known small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSP) that is expressed in human heart and skeletal muscle. In response to cellular stress, heat shock proteins play a vital role to help misfolded proteins and proteins susceptible to denaturation maintain their structure. Two members of the sHSP family, CryAB and HspB2, are both required for normal heart function and cardiac muscle integrity. CryAB-deficient mice have defects in cardiac muscle structure whereas HspB2-deficient mice display energy deficits (Rajasekaran et al. 2007). The contrasting phenotypes of CryAB and HspB2 suggest differential roles for these molecular chaperones in the heart. HspB2 has been found to localize with the mitochondria in several different cell lines and overexpression of this sHSP has been shown to support survival of cells against heat stress (Nakagawa, 2001). To understand the role and mechanism of HspB2 in cardiac muscle energy regulation, we have used a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system to uncover the novel protein binding partners specific to HspB2. From screening a human heart cDNA library, HspB2 interacted with approximately 10,000 out of 20 million plasmids. We have sequenced more than 1000 of these putative interactors and have identified over 100 unique proteins. Over 40% of these protein partners are involved in mitochondrial energy production and another 25% in cardiac muscle structure maintenance. In addition, we have identified an interaction between HspB2 and the related sHSP CryAB. We then compared this data with mitochondrial HspB2 binding partners identified by mass spectroscopy (MS) through a large-scale bioinformatics analysis and constructed a protein-protein network. Y2H dependency tests were conducted to verify interactions identified by both Y2H and MS. Following yeast verification, a subset of the interactions were confirmed in C9H2 cardiac cells through coimmunopurification. Our research describes the first protein-protein interaction network for any sHSP, supports a role for HspB2 in mitochondrial energy production and suggests a link between mitochondrial energy production/redox stasis and stressed cardiac muscle maintenance.

Michael Peterson, Brigham Young University Biology A person’s predisposition to Alzheimer’s Disease is known to be influenced by both genetic factors as well as environmental factors. One know environmental factor is that known to affect risk for disease is early parental death. The purpose of this research is to better understand the complex factors that influence the disease by analyzing the relationship between the environmental factor of early parental death with genetic variants known to influence the disease. We used extant data from the CCSMHA, an ongoing aging study including 89.7% (5092 of 5677) of all of the eligible residents of Cache County, Utah. This data includes information about environmental and psychosocial stressor of the subjects as well as information about physical examinations, metal screenings, and individuals’ genotypes at many loci that are known to be related to Alzheimers Disease. We used multivariate logistic regression to determine the effect of early parental death by SNP interactions on risk for AD. For the analysis we cleaned the data by removing SNPs less than a minor allele frequency of 0.01, a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium value of 110-6, and a maximum missing snp call of 0.2. Individuals were also removed if genotyping rate was less than 0.2. After filtering we had 262 cases, 239 controls and 0 missing Final Results will be presented at the Conference.

Rachel Perry, Brigham Young University Life Sciences Previous studies have indicated that Visinin-like protein (VILIP) may be a powerful tool in predicting disease progression and guiding prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was collected from hundreds of individuals with varying levels of AD. The CSF was then analyzed for levels of VILIP protein using Luminex technology. SNPs were genotyped using the Illumina OmniExpress chip. SNPs found to have a Hardy-Weinberg frequency less than 1×10-4 were not included, assuming that this variance was due to a genotyping error. SNPs and samples missing more than five percent of the data were also not included. Following the cleanup of the data, an association test using linear regression was performed. Covariates used in the analysis included age, gender, and covariates that accounted for population stratification (PC1 and PC2). Over one hundred SNPs were found with a p-value less than 1×10-5. The genomic inflation factor for the generated data was 1. One marker showed significance at the genome-wide level. We have identified a genetic marker that shows significant association with CSF VILIP levels. This finding may provide insight into genetic control of VILIP levels, which may be a useful in understanding the pathological processes involved in AD.

Matthew Schneider, Brigham Young University Physiology and Developmental Biology Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, affects millions of people per year. Research has shown that Alzheimer’s affects the hippocampus brain region, which is involved in learning and memory. Understanding learning and memory functions is imperative to comprehending both healthy brain functions and Alzheimer’s disease. Many researchers seek to understand both the causes and treatments of the disease, but tangible information remains elusive. Studies thus far have shown that to encode memories, the brain must change neural synapses to either strengthen or weaken those pathways, a process known as synaptic plasticity. Using electrophysiology techniques on mouse hippocampal slices, this project will provide further insight on memory formation and regulation by imitating synaptic plasticity mechanisms. I will look at a specific cellular pathway involving the protein receptor GPR55, which has recently been shown to induce synaptic plasticity. By understanding how the GPR55 pathway functions, this research will contribute to the understanding and treatments of Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.

David Marriott, Brigham Young University Physiology and Developmental Biology Acute stress has been shown to decrease Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus. Additionally, stressed animals show signs of anxiety and suffer decreases in spatial memory tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation. Conversely, exercise has been shown to increase spatial memory task performance in mice, attenuate anxiety-like behaviors and enhance neurogenesis and LTP in the dentate gyrus. While the effects of stress and exercise have been examined independently, there is currently a lack of experimental evidence that connects how stress and exercise, when experienced by the same animal, might modulate LTP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. In our ongoing study, mice have been separated into a control group, a stress group (restraint and tail-shock), and an exercise + stress group where mice have voluntary access to a running wheel (for 30 days) before undergoing the stress protocol. We hypothesize that exercised animals will experience a protective effect against the reductions in CA1 LTP. In the stress only group, preliminary data shows a modest stress effect on LTP, yet we are learning that factors such as controllability of the stressor or the ability to develop coping mechanisms might potentially attenuate

Tara Hammond, Brigham Young University Microbiology and Molecular Biology Genetic diseases, including Alzheimer’s, cystic fibrosis, and many cancers, can be detrimental to individuals and their families. Gene therapy can possibly cure these diseases by inserting a correct copy of the gene into the chromosome, upregulating good genes, or downregulating the harmful gene. When DNA is packaged into a cell, it wraps around histones-an octamer made up of two tetramers, each containing four different subunits to create nucleosomes. Where the nucleosome sits on the DNA sequence determines whether or not a gene can be transcribed. In heterochromatin, nucleosomes are denser and DNA is tightly packed, thus causing genes to not be transcribed. Euchromatin contains looser packed nucleosomes and therefore has higher transcription levels. This project seeks to determine if modified nucleosomes have DNA sequence preferences. We are working with histone H3 to tri-methylate lysine 4, which has been shown to correlate with euchromatin. The modified histone will be used to create octamers. C. elegans DNA will be added to modified histones and to unmodified histones and allowed to create nucleosomes. The wrapped DNA will be sequenced, allowing us to compare the modified and unmodified nucleosome DNA preference. The difference in preference will enhance our ability to know how to move nucleosomes, thus aiding in gene therapy.

Spencer Foutz, Brigham Young University Biology CSF AB42 levels are a biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease. The APOE e4 allele associates with CSF AB42. Little is known about SNPs in the region independent of apoe e2/e3/e4 isoforms. By adjusting for the effect of these isoforms, statistical analysis uncovered new SNPS associated with CSF AB42. Information was used from 1338 individuals from four datasets, specifically: The WU-ADRC, ADNI, University of Washington, and UPENN. Samples included individuals with and without AD. The 169 SNPs used were extracted from the APOE region and surrounding 50 kb using 1000 Genome Software. Linear regression analysis was performed, adjusting for specific covariates. Adjustments were made for the APOE e2 and e4 alleles before repeating the analysis. Significant SNPs were tested in e3 homozygous individuals. Each series was separately analyzed and combined in a meta-analysis for confirmation. P-values, sample sizes, and effect sizes were used in the meta-analysis. Results from these analyses allowed us to conclude rs769449 is associated with lower levels of CSF AB42 and acts independent of the APOE e4 allele.

Chancen Hall and Nichkolas Hadley, Dixie State University Biological Sciences Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus) is prevalent worldwide, and the resulting chytridiomycosis has contributed to at least 168 amphibian species extinctions. In 2010, B. dendrobatidis was discovered in the greater Zion National Park area of southwestern Utah. Because few populations have shown resistance to chytridiomycosis, we decided to explore the effects of this disease on populations of Hyla arenicolor (canyon tree frog). We tracked the spread of B. dendrobatidis by testing skin samples taken annually from several different canyons and monitored population sizes. During the three years of our study, infected populations did not show subsequent population declines. This suggests that H. arenicolor population size in this region is unaffected by B. dendrobatidis. In the future, testing hypothesized explanations for surviving infection could help us identify populations not at risk and thus allocate conservation resources more efficiently.

Rachel Schneider, Brigham Young University Neuroscience The ability to create distinct memories for very similar stimuli and events is called pattern separation. Pattern separation is thought to be dependent on neurogenesis (the birth of new neurons) in the dentate gyrus, a subregion of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis is reduced in depression, as is overall memory performance. It has been proposed that depression negatively impacts pattern separation abilities, however a link between depression and performance in pattern separation memory tasks has yet to be identified. Accordingly, we designed a study to investigate the relationship between pattern separation performance and level of depression. Eighty-two participants completed a pattern separation memory test and a set of questionnaires to gauge their level of depression. During the task, participants were presented with 600 images one at a time on a computer screen in a continuous recognition paradigm. Participants were asked to determine whether each image was new, old, or similar. Images seen for the first time during the task qualified as “new”, images that were repeated following a variable delay qualified as “old”, and images that were similar to previously presented stimuli, but not exactly the same, qualified as “similar”. A pattern separation score was calculated based on the proportion of correctly identified similar stimuli. We found a negative correlation between depression scores and pattern separation scores (r(82) = – 0.301, p < 0.01). This relationship held constant even when we controlled for other factors known to affect neurogenesis, such as exercise and anxiety levels. These results provide support for the theory that depression is negatively related to pattern separation performance, possibly due to a decrease in neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

Ryan Williamson, Brigham Young University Physiology and Developmental Biology The hippocampus is thought to mediate learning and memory by altering the strength of synapses within its circuitry. In many cases, this synaptic plasticity can be induced by intracellular signaling molecules. Lipid-based intracellular signaling molecules called endocannabinoids have been shown to modulate or mediate synaptic plasticity among hippocampal pyramidal cells and stratum radiatum interneurons; however, the role of endocannabinoids in mediating synaptic plasticity among interneurons in the stratum oriens is still unclear. Our goal was to determine whether stratum oriens interneurons have the machinery necessary for endocannabinoid production and, if so, whether this machinery is expressed in a sub-type specific manner. To do this, we used patch clamp electrodes to extract single cells from rat hippocampal slices and analyzed the expression of endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzyme mRNA using quantitative real-time PCR. In this analysis, we examined cellular expression of two interneuron markers, GAD65 and GAD67, as well as several calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides to determine interneuron subtype. We also analyzed cellular expression of several endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzymes, including N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, diacylglycerol lipase alpha, and 12-lipoxygenase, as well as type I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Preliminary data suggests that stratum oriens interneurons express mRNA necessary for endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzymes. Additionally, we identified interneurons that coexpress mRNA for somatostatin and diacylglycerol lipase, suggesting that O-LM cells or another somatostatin-positive interneuron subtype may possess the enzymes necessary to produce the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Further work will allow us to examine how endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzyme expression correlates with other interneuron subtypes in the stratum oriens.

Aaron Sharp, Brigham Young University Biology The Cache County study on memory, health, and aging has played a significant role in several studies. However, there is some potential skepticism in the scientific community about its sample. The population in Cache County is derived from a diverse group of founders, but it is perceived by some to be an isolated population. If so, conclusions discovered there might not apply to other populations. Our objective is to compare the Cache County data to a panel of genetic data—provided by the International HapMap Project and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging initiative—that is known to be representative of typical European-American populations. Doing so will indicate whether the genetic diversity in the Cache County sample is characteristic of an isolate or not. Analysis will be done using the open source “Plink” analysis toolset, including the –cluster and –mds-plot computational algorithms. Using –cluster groups individuals according to identity by state distances. The –mds-plot algorithm creates a scatter-plot of the individuals in 2-dimensional space, identifying any systematic difference between the Cache County data and the general population. We expect that the Cache County data will be representative of general European-American populations, because of its diverse group of founders.

Rachel Nettles, Brigham Young University Plant and Wildlife Sciences Background/Questions/Methods

Caitlin Munger, Brigham Young University Biology Alzheimer’s is a fatal, non-treatable neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. While no one gene has been found to determine the development of Alzheimer’s, past studies have established a strong hereditary influence on Alzheimer’s. So far, only 5 genes have been found which replicably contribute to the genetic risk of developing Alzheimer’s. However, the gene for Chlolesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) has been identified as a possible new contributor to the genetic risk factor. In order to test this association we obtained data on over 4000 subjects studied in the Cache County Study on Memory, Health and Aging over a 15-year period. This data included DNA samples, cognitive decline rates and incidence of dementia–particularly Alzheimer’s Disease. DNA samples were SNP genotyped using quantitative PCR. The SNP genotypes and corresponding phenotypes for each subject were then analyzed for association usingmixed linear models and for survival, or the amount of time until the disease appeared, using Cox proportional hazard models. We found a correlation between the V405I SNP and a decreased rate of cognitive decline. We found that for each additional G the rate of decline decreased by 0.6 points per year on the MMSE test. The identification of CETP as a player in the genetic risk for Alzheimer’s and dementia will provide much needed information on the genetic factors involved in dementia and allow for possible future therapeutic targets.

Joseph Moulton, Brigham Young University Physiology and Developmental Biology With the advent of recent mutations in the influenza A viral genome, drugs that previously blocked the proton flux responsible for disassembly of the viral envelope and exposure of viral RNA to the transcriptional machinery of the host cell have become ineffective. Our study of the M2 hydrogen ion channel responsible for this flux has led to a vastly-increased under- standing of the mechanisms behind the conductance activity and potential blockage of these transmembrane tetramers. By embedding M2 proton channel subunits of the S31N mutant strain into liposomal bilayers and suspending these bilayers in the buffers and ionic gradients characteristic of the intracellular environment, we have been able to simulate and observe nor- mal functioning of the influenza A virus. Using these liposomal bilayers, we have developed a series of experimental protocols to test a variety of amantadine- and rimantadine-related drugs for successful blockage of M2 S31N proton conductance. Our research presentation will be centered around the mechanisms of this channel and the favorable results that we have obtained from many of these drugs.

Paige McAllister, Brigham Young University Psychology Negative body image among younger women has grave ramifications including eating disorders, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. In order to more accurately detect negative body image among women, we created the Body Image and Social Comparison Survey (BISCS). The BISCS is a 10 item self-report measure using a 4-point Likert scale. Our two domains were attitudes about personal body image and social comparisons. We took a convenience sample of 115 women between the ages of 18 and 30 and administered our survey to establish psychometrics for the BISCS. It was discovered that the BISCS has high internal consistency, and 43 out of 45 of the Pearson correlations between items were significant. Factor analysis revealed two primary factors. All questions loaded onto the factors we expected them to except there was one question that loaded onto both factors. Content validity ratios ranged from .48 to .81. Future applications and improvements for the BISCS are discussed.

Adrianne Miller, Brigham Young University Psychology Recent studies in rhesus macaques suggest that social competence and sociality, as measured by ease of forming new relationships, is modulated by genetic and behavioral factors. In research centers that study primates, pairing unfamiliar subjects is the most costly and difficult problem that researchers face. We investigated several factors believed to influence social competence: rearing condition, serotonin transporter genotype (5HTT), temperament, and stress responsiveness, as measured by infant plasma cortisol levels. We assessed 354 pairings from subjects housed at the California National Primate Research Center (n=177 male and n=177 female adult pairings). Temperament and plasma cortisol was assessed at three to four months of age. Analyses showed that males were more difficult to pair than females. High cortisol, nursery rearing, and temperament ratings for high emotionality during infancy was predictive of adult pairing failures. Intriguingly, our data showed that the high risk 5HTT genotype was also predictive pairing failures, and that 5HTT genotype interacted with sex, with pairs of males where one or more of the subjects in a pair possessed the high risk 5HTT allele were more likely to be unsuccessful in their pairings. To the extent that our results generalize to humans, our data suggest that early temperament, perhaps modulated by the serotonin transporter genotype, as well as sex and early experiences lead to social competence and success in social relationships.

Jyssica Seebeck, Brigham Young University Psychology Until recently, there were very few meta-analytic comparisons between individual and group formats to determine if reliable outcomes were produced. However, Burlingame, Strauss, and Joyce (2013) recently identified a dozen diagnosis specific meta-analyses (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, etc.) and twenty-three new studies published over the last decade that test for differential format efficacy/effectiveness. This meta-analysis builds upon these by selecting the most rigorous studies drawn from these meta-analyses. More specifically we selected studies that tested equivalent treatments enabling us to make strong causal conclusions about differential efficacy/effectiveness. We began with published meta-analyses that tested for format differences, went to each and determined whether individual studies summarized in these meta-analyses compared treatments that were equivalent. If they did, the study was included herein. We also conducted a literature search to identify studies that tested individual and group treatments not included in the aforementioned meta-analyses. Computed effect sizes tested differential outcomes (group versus individual) and also estimated the effectiveness of format compared to waitlist controls. Moderator variables of outcomes, such as group type and theoretical orientation were also tested. Results are reviewed with reference to treatment recommendations, feasibility of implementation, and evidence based recommendations.

Nickolal Mullen, Brigham Young University Psychology Previous studies have shown that the monoamines are related to risk for alcoholism, and that both are affected by early rearing experiences. This study builds on previous research in examining the effect of alcohol on monoamine neurotransmitter systems, by exposing macaques to a set dose of alcohol and measuring CNS monoamine metabolites. We explored

Trenton Simmons, Brigham Young University Psychology Endogenous opioids are believed to modulate social sensitivity and aggression. The mu-opioid receptor gene in rhesus macaques has two common variants thought to be orthologous to human variants: C77G (CG) and C77C (CC). Based on previous studies, we predicted that rhesus macaques with the CG variant would exhibit higher rates of antisocial and aggressive behavior during social challenge. To test this hypothesis, we subjected mother-reared (MR) and nursery-reared (NR) subjects to an intruder challenge. 130 subjects were genotyped for the mu-opioid receptor gene variant. Behaviors were recorded after an unfamiliar intruder of the same sex and age was placed adjacent to the subjects’ home cage. CG, MR males received more non-contact aggression from group members than any other condition (p range<0.012), instigated more contact aggression than any other condition (p range<0.018), and received more contact aggression from the intruder than all other conditions except CC, NR males. In contrast to high rates of aggression, male, CG, MR subjects exhibited the lowest time in social affiliation when compared to all other genotype, sex or rearing conditions (p<0.026) except for CG, NR females. Our findings suggest that the mu-opioid receptor gene modulates aggression and antisocial behavior but only in the context of rearing and sex. These findings suggest one potential pathway for antisocial aggressive behavior development in men.