Social and Behavioral Sciences

Andrew Chol, University of Utah Psychology Motivation is a critical factor in academic performance and must be self-regulated over time (Sansone & Thoman, 2005). Self-regulation becomes more significant online due to the lack of schedule and supervision characteristic of traditional in-class courses (Artino & Stephens, 2009). That is, online students must address both opportunities for supplemental learning (i.e. videos) and possible distractions that may redirect focus (i.e., social media) (Sansone, et al. in press). An initial examination (Sansone, Butner, et al., 2011) of the Regulation of Motivation and Performance Online (RMAPO) project indicated that students given reasons to value learning basic HTML skills in an online lesson (value-added) spent more time on-task and off-task prior to submitting an assignment; this time spent was furthermore associated with greater interest. Given this counterintuitive pattern, our study aimed to identify and analyze the nature of off-task website access, and whether certain sites or patterns were more beneficial for interest and performance. Websites were coded into the following categories: on-task, non-lesson websites related to HTML coding, indirectly lesson-related websites (i.e., alternative image examples), off-task social communication, off-task personal interests, and other. Statistical analysis (i.e., Chi-square, ANOVA) revealed that patterns of off-task behavior varied by category as a function of condition (control or value-added). Specifically, value-added groups accessed indirectly lesson-related websites and off-task personal interests to a significantly higher degree relative to the control. Access to these websites was further significantly related to higher degrees of interest and performance (quiz scores). The findings suggest that students given reasons to value learning may use off-task behavior as strategy to 1) seek additional information related to their developing interest on a topic, and 2) rejuvenate diminished resources through creation of interest. Addition of utility value may thus motivate students to reconfigure their learning process in service of having a more interesting experience using both on and off-task means (Sansone & Thoman, 2005).

Heather Sheffer, Utah State University Family Consumer and Human Development Background:

Austin LaBau, Utah State University History and Sociology At the beginning of the 19th century, there was only one public insane asylum in the United States. Together, this facility and a handful of private hospitals housed only a few hundred patients. By 1890, more than 74,000 Americans lived in mental institutions. A wealth of literature exists on the rise of the American insane asylum during this period; the evolution of modern psychiatry; and the philosophical, political, social, and ethical implications of the two. But what the literature lacks is a perspective on the rise of the asylum that recognizes its place in the developing urban environment. This project addresses that shortcoming by exploring a small group of institutions within the context of a single urban center; New York. In 1890, one-in-twenty-five Americans lived in what would soon become New York City’s five boroughs, alongside nearly one-in-ten of the country’s institutionalized insane. Upon opening, NYC’s massive insane asylums became a source of pride for city’s elites. Far from being hidden away, most of the asylums were built on islands in the East River—at the time, one of the busiest waterways in the world. Nestled between Brooklyn and Manhattan, the imposing structures and their residents lived in clear view of thousands of daily commuters, and inspired numerous poems, novels, and songs. However, it was not their largess that attracted international visitors like Charles Dickens and Alexis de Tocqueville, but the unique circumstances in which they operated. Throughout the 19th century, the intimate nature of NYC, where masses of impoverished immigrants lived only blocks from some of the richest and most powerful men in the world, helped make the city the site of violent class warfare, as well as a testing ground for social reform. Insane asylums were only a portion of NYC’s sprawling public welfare system, consisting of nearly a hundred public and private charitable institutions inn Manhattan alone. To explain how the insane asylum affected New York City, I examine essays, and photographs written and taken by doctors, patients, reporters, and reformers illustrate the significance of the insane asylum on New York City life.

Amanda Snow, Utah State University Psychology Past studies investigating attention have found that exposure to natural scenes have a restorative effect on attention in adults, allowing for the occurrence of effortless, involuntary attention. This is in contrast to exposure to urban scenes which do not show the same restorative effect on attention (Berto et al., 2005, 2008). The present study investigates the potentially restorative effects on childhood attention of exposure to natural scenes. In this study, 58 children ages 4 to 11 participated in a task which was attentionally taxing. Next, they were instructed to attend to pictures belonging to one of three conditions: “high fascination” (natural scenes), “low fascination” (urban scenes), or a control group (geometric shapes). Finally, the participants performed the initial attentionally taxing task once again. While accuracy remained constant across conditions, children demonstrated a greater decreased reaction time when exposed to high fascination natural scenes as opposed to low fascination urban scenes or the geometric shapes of the control group. Between the pre and post tests, mean differences of 37.7 milliseconds for the natural condition, 24.4 milliseconds for the urban condition, and 22.7 milliseconds for the control group was found. This suggests that exposure to high fascination natural scenes has a restorative effect on attention in children as it does in adults. This finding is important because it provides a mechanism by which the attentional capacities of children may be improved.

Esther Kim, University of Utah Political Science In 1961, student activists from across the United States challenged socially segregated public transit in the South by enforcing desegregation laws. The activists, known as Freedom Riders, were met with resistance, violence and jail. On its 50th anniversary in May 2011, the Freedom Riders were met with much media recognition: a documentary screening at Sundance, an episode on Oprah and a commemorative retracing of the original ride sponsored by PBS American Experience, which involved student activists from across the country to get on the bus. The Civil Rights Movement as a historical memory has become highly celebrated and widely understood as racial justice realized, but commemoration works to historicize and isolate these acts of resistance from modern day struggle for social equity. As a participant of the student freedom rides, I witnessed a complicated mapping of how we live with history, memory, race, power, place, the everyday lives of people that are still affected by events that shaped the nation and corporations seeking to benefit from the blind acceptance of commemoration. Using Cultural Studies theories of encoding and decoding, this research is an examination of the tensions among the actions and rhetoric of the Freedom Riders movement and how they are validated, co-opted, re-formed and understood. This research is an attempt to pull the acts of the Freedom Riders out of a historical framework, contextualizing the way we understand how the events of the Civil Rights Movement have played out and affect the ways we engage social activism and justice now.

Madeleine Oritt, University of Utah International Studies This research examines the impact of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on accessibility to HIV/AIDS medications for populations in resource-limited countries. This World Trade Organization agreement created provisions by which these countries can obtain or manufacture HIV/AIDS drugs at reduced prices, but also affirmed the intellectual property rights of pharmaceutical companies over their drugs. To achieve a thorough understanding of its impact, several other factors that affect accessibility to HIV/AIDS medications, beneficially or detrimentally, were analyzed and compared to the TRIPS agreement; these factors include foreign aid, drug pricing inequality, patent pools, independent actions of drug companies, and political pressure. Research was conducted through literary review, using primary sources including academic articles, news and magazine articles and information from governmental organizations like the World Trade Organization and the World Health Organization. This research recognizes the detrimental effect of the TRIPS agreement on accessibility of HIV/AIDS medications globally. However, the analysis of the aforementioned factors illuminates the positive effects of multiple other actors and organizations, which may negate, partially or fully, the ramifications of the TRIPS agreement. Thus, this research concludes fundamental factors, including physical obstacles like a lack of infrastructure and dispersal of HIV/AIDS-affected populations in rural areas, social obstacles like ethnic fractionalization and stigma, and political obstacles like government corruption, inefficiency and lack of economic prosperity, have the most deleterious effect upon HIV/AIDS drug accessibility. Instead of focusing on the TRIPS agreement as a singular determinant, these deep-rooted issues must take precedence and will require more time, cooperation and political will to change on a national and global level. Until the affected countries are willing to assume responsibility for drug accessibility and the fundamental issues that affect it, it will be impossible to realize widespread progress toward treating HIV/AIDS in resource-limited populations.

Stephanie Lawanto, Utah State University Psychology Mice are excellent models for studying social behavior. Anomalies in the perception and processing of social cues may induce abnormal social approach or sexual behaviors. We performed an assessment of social behavior in NrCAM knockout female mice and wild-type littermates. We found that NrCAM knockout mice exhibit social behavioral deficits (reduced interaction with unknown conspecifics). Analysis of neuronal activation in a circuit relevant to processing and response to olfactory cues (olfactory bulb, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hypothalamus), using cFos immunostaining, revealed differences in neuronal activation between NrCAM knockout mice and wild type littermates exposed to unknown conspecifics. These differences may be the result of anomalies in neuronal connectivity in the olfactory systems in NrCAM knockouts. These studies have the potential to generate a new understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for abnormal social behaviors, and to identify new treatment strategies to reduce social deficits in autism spectrum disease patients.

Chance Christensen, Utah State University Psychology Affective disorders such as depression, phobias, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorder impairs the ability to time in the seconds-to-minutes range, i.e., interval timing. We investigated the effect of chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine(FLX) when anxiety-inducing task-irrelevant distracters are presented during an interval timing task. According to the Relative Time-Sharing (RTS) model, presentation of task-irrelevant distracters during a timing task results in a delay in responding suggesting a failure to maintain subjective time in working memory, possibly due to attentional and working memory resources being diverted away from timing. Given that some anti-depressants have beneficial effects on attention and working memory, e.g., decreasing emotional response to negative events, we hypothesized that FLX would improve maintenance of information in working memory in trials with distracters, resulting in a decrease of the disruptive effect of emotional events on the timekeeping abilities. Our results revealed independent effects of FLX on timing and resource allocation. Acute administration of FLX delayed timing, but this effect was eliminated after chronic administration. FLX reduced the detrimental effect of the distracters only when the distracters were anxiety-inducing, but not when they were neutral. Results are discussed in relation to the brain circuits involved in RTS of resources, and the pharmacological management of affective disorders.

Justine Larsen, Utah State University Political Science In recent years, the aggressive barred owl’s invasion of northern spotted owl territory has led to significant declines in spotted owl populations along the Pacific Northwest. In response to the owl’s waning population, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has implemented a plan under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to kill the barred owl in a radical attempt to save the spotted owl. Applauded as revolutionary legislation, critical in protecting the Earth’s species from extinction, the ESA is decidedly far from the miracle bill its proponents laud it to be. A mere one percent of species protected under the ESA have successfully recovered enough to be delisted, and the ESA had little to do with these rare recoveries (Scheer & Moss, 2012). Observation and analysis of the spotted owl’s turbulent decline, reveals fundamental flaws specifically in basic theories on which the legislation was based. Particularly, the theory that nature, if left alone, will return to a natural state of balance (balance of nature theory) is a primary concept that has led the ESA astray numerous times, as evidenced by the FWS’ paradoxical plan to capture and kill one species in order to maintain a balance in the other species. This study reviews the balance of nature theory, providing research examining the effectiveness of the ESA and contributing to efforts to determine an appropriate and successful solution to species decline.

Carolina Silva, Jasmin Alves, Katrina England, Courtney Hammond, and Ethel Tackle-Yarbol; Westminster College Psychology Bullying among adolescents is a common problem that deserves attention. Youth City, a multi-site after school youth program in the Salt Lake City area catering to youths ages 8-13, expressed an interest in learning more about bullying experiences in their attendees with the aim of developing a program for intervention and prevention. We partnered with Youth City to develop the current project, the goals of which were twofold: (1) to measure the prevalence and types of bullying experienced by 53 youths attending one Youth City site (our participants) and, (2) to work with the youth and the site coordinator to develop a bullying intervention and prevention program. Participants completed a modified version of the Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire, in which 31 behaviors of bullying were assessed. Behaviors included examples of physical bullying, relational bullying, cyber bullying, and bullying due to one’s ethnicity or sexuality. Participants were asked to report whether each behavior had ever been done to them (victim role), done by them to another (bully role), or witnessed by them in the role of bystander. Results showed that the participants had experienced many of the behaviors as either victims, bullies, or bystanders. The second step was to conduct focus groups in which participants were asked more about their bullying experiences and what they felt could be done to more effectively intervene and prevent bullying. Transcripts from the focus groups were analyzed for emergent themes. These themes, combined with input from staff and information gleaned from research into other programs, were used to draft a bullying intervention and prevention plan to be implemented at one Youth City site in the coming school year.

Dani Willis, Utah State University Political Science In this era of increasing complex electric utility corporate restructurings, prudence review is an important analytical tool that should be applied by state regulatory commissions in an informed and reasonable manner to address and balance risk sharing between electric utility investors and utility ratepayers. The payer examines the legal and economic considerations concerning the development and application of the analytical tool of prudence review by state regulatory commissions concerning the revenue requirement regulation of electric utilities.

Noreen Barnes, Weber State University Political Science Many women in Guatemala suffer poverty and repression their entire lives. This situation is not unique to countries in Central America, but what is unique is the level of violence that is perpetrated in Guatemala compared with neighboring countries, the lack of engagement by law enforcement, and the complicity of the media. The Guatemalan civil war helped to create an atmosphere riddled with violence and alcohol. There is only a two percent conviction rate for murder. The majority of media outlets report on Femicide as if it were the woman’s fault she was killed; they portray her as a prostitute when there is no evidence to support the conclusion. In 2000 there were 213 femicides in Guatemala, by 2009 that number had jumped to 708 (Guatemalan Human Rights Commission 2010). My research has come from peer reviewed articles in both English and Spanish, Guatemalan government figures, personal experiences and international sources such as the World Health Organization. How do these details combine to create the perfect storm of increasing Femicide in Guatemala, and what can be done to help stop this tide of violence? There are women who have taken steps to improve their lives despite the many challenges they face. Micro-credit, small loans given to women to help them start or expand a business, have helped women who have a desire to flee abusive situations by giving them self-esteem as well as the financial means to accomplish their desires. There is a movement amongst women to convince their husbands to join Evangelical Christian churches that do not permit drinking in an effort to control rampant alcoholism. It will take time to alter the prevailing attitudes of machismo, prejudice, and lack of tolerance that threatens to drown the wonderful of Guatemala, but it can be done.

Scott Ploharz, Weber State University Psychology A pilot study conducted in spring of 2012 by the same researchers, suggested that sexting, or the sending of text or picture messages containing sexual content is common among young adults ages 18-30. This pilot research suggests that there were differences in personality and relationship satisfaction among those who engaged in sexting and those who did not. This current study further examines the effect of sexting on individuals and their relationships, as well as the reasons individuals may choose to engage in sexting. This study examines personality traits that may be related to engaging in sexting using both the Big 5 personality inventory and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). The relationship between engaging sexting and relationship satisfaction is measured using the Revised Dyadic Assessment Scale(RDAS). To measure the effect on the individual, along with providing a possible explanation for sexting, self-esteem will be measured using Rosenberg’s RSE. Previous research suggests adult attachment style as a possible method of explanation as to who engages in sexting and the reasons for the behavior. Attachment style is measured using the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-R) and the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised Structures (ECR-RS). Analysis of the data is expected to be completed by January 31st 2013. Results are expected to show that those with an Anxious or Anxious/Avoidant attachment style are more likely to sext. It is also expected that there will be a small positive correlation between the personality trait extroversion and sexting. It is also expected that specific domains of narcissism and lower self-esteem scores, will relate to engaging in sexting. There is also expected to be a negative correlation between sexting and relationship satisfaction.

Scott Ploharz and Britaini Delbo, Weber State University Psychology Youth or Peer Courts are diversionary programs designed to lower recidivism and re-offense rates among youth offenders. These programs focus on lowering risk factors and enhancing protective factors among the youth they serve. This study will look specifically at the Youth Court based in Layton Utah. Using a projected sample of 280 youth offenders over a 4 year period, the efficacy of this program will be evaluated. Efficacy will be measured by the rate of re-offense compared to youth in the traditional juvenile justice systems who have committed similar offenses. Analysis will also be performed using participant surveys, to determine which risk and protective factors are associated with re-offending. We anticipate completing this project by January 1st 2013.

Ariel Hargrave, Weber State University Psychology A review of the literature surrounding mental health literacy has suggested that there are many misconceptions about those with a mental illness. These misconceptions effect help-seeking, treatment, mental health policies, early intervention and social support. The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) offers a peer-to-peer taught class called Building Recovery of Individual Dreams and Goals through Education and Support (BRIDGES). This class addresses these misconceptions and aims to educate those suffering with mental illness on how to self-advocate. Research suggests that a peer-to-peer approach has been found useful in a consumer’s recovery process. Support and education are crucial in society’s understanding of mental illness and aids in their ability to strive towards a stigma free environment. The objective of this study is to measure the effectiveness of this class by conducting a pre and post assessment at the beginning of the class before material is presented and at the end of the class. A population of approximately 100 participants over the age of 18 diagnosed with a mental illness will be used. The assessment includes eleven total questions that identify key factors to recovery and mental health literacy. A five point likert scale will be used to measure participant’s responses. Data will be collected starting in January of 2013 and will be completed in March of 2013. Data will then be analyzed using a T-test in SPSS.

Zachary Cook, Utah Valley University Behavioral Science A Trend analysis of counseling visits to Utah Valley Universities (UVU) student health center was carried out between the months of January to October of 2012. During this time intake forms from students were examined in alphabetical order by HIPPA trained researchers and assessed for the frequency of the client’s visits along with their chief complaint as determined by the therapists. High frequencies of complaints such as depression, anxiety, and educational issues were reported from students attending the university in past studies beginning in 1999 at UVU’s health center. Researchers at Kansas State University used an instrument known as the Case Descriptor List to measure a therapist’s assessment of a client’s problems based on nineteen categories including items such as depression, anxiety, and educational/vocational issues (Benton, Robertson, Tseng, Newton, & Benton, 2003, p. 69). The basis of the present study was formulated by collapsing the nineteen categories into fourteen constructs for simplicity in order to determine the trend found between the years of 2006 to 2011. During this time 1,974 individuals obtained counseling services from UVU’s student health center. The research found that 56% of clients sought therapy for depression, 38.1% for anxiety, and 39.9% for educational assistance based on the stated categories. An increase in issues such as depression and anxiety has demonstrated the need for an increase in the number of trained therapists as it relates to the complexity of issues and co-morbidity. It has also shown the need for improved intake procedures, focusing on accurate diagnosis which the counseling center has recently adopted.

Dexter Thomas, Westminster College Psychology When someone is the victim of a beating, rape, or murder, one might expect that most individuals would recognize the innocence of the victim. Surprisingly, research suggests many people assign blame to innocent victims (Dalbert, 2009; Lerner & Simmons, 1966). The “Just World” hypothesis proposes a possible explanation for this puzzling phenomenon. Belief in a Just World implies that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. Previous research has found a relationship between belief in a just world, victim blaming, and other beliefs such as homophobia (Glennon & Joseph, 1993; Anderson, 1992). The present experiment extends upon this area of research. We examine transphobia, belief in a just world, and victim blaming. Three hundred and forty-two participants ages 18-72 were recruited from within the United States. Participants read a scenario in which an individual was the innocent victim of a beating. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions; in one condition, the victim was transgender, in the other condition, the victim was not. Participants then completed questionnaires measuring victim blame, transphobia, and belief in a just world. Results showed that transphobia positively correlated with belief in a just world. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between victim blaming and transphobia for all victims, transgender and non-transgender. However, when controlling for levels of transphobia, belief in a just world was no longer correlated with victim blaming. These results suggest that transphobia is related to belief in a just world and that transphobia, separate from belief in a just world, is related to increased victim blaming even for victims who are not transgender.

Antoinette Kingsford, Weber State University Psychology The type of professor a student selects for a college course can impact the quality of learning and success in the course. Information about the traits and qualities of professors is limited to word of mouth and Internet sites that allow for biased ratings of professors. The validity and quality of information obtained via online professor rating websites, like RateMyProfessor.com (RMP), is often called into question in academia. A study to assess the validity of RMP was conducted with 127 Weber State University students from introductory psychology classes. The participants completed an online survey using the RMP rating scale for professors, and they also completed the College of Social Sciences professor evaluation survey. They were also asked questions regarding RMP usage, professor traits, and sources they used to find information about professors. The findings of the study indicated that students were using RMP more frequently than word of mouth from friends to obtain useful information about professors. The most meaningful traits in professor selection were Clarity and Overall Quality, not necessarily Easiness and Attractiveness. Also, there were no significant differences between gender and professor trait importance, and the validity of RMP was highly correlated to the Student Evaluation of Weber State Psych 1010 Professors.

Dallin Webb, Utah State University Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology Recent rediscovery of an ancient Fremont irrigation system in central Utah presents the opportunity to model the economics of Fremont irrigation agriculture. A significant cost of irrigation farming is the construction of a ditch to bring water from a natural source to the fields. We use an experimental approach to investigate the costs of ditch construction. Mountain mahogany digging sticks were employed to construct ditches under different sediment conditions, as well as a stream diversion into a ditch take-out. The experiments reveal a range of costs incurred for constructing different elements of the system.

Trevor Hicks-Collins, Weber State University Psychology Austistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an increasingly prevalent disorder, with approximately 1 of every 88 children in the United States diagnosed with the disorder. Several factors can exacerbate autistic symptoms in ASD children, including environment, diet, and sleep. Sleep problems in children with ASD’s occur more frequently than in non-ASD children, and their effects could be even more detrimental. The sleep literature in non-ASD children is clear about how sleep deficits adversely affect behavior and cognition, but there is little research to indicate the effects of sleep deficits on ASD children. This study was designed to assess the effect of sleep quality and quantity on ASD symptoms. The participants were children, ages 5-8, who were rated on the autistic spectrum. The children’s sleep was assessed using Actigraph monitors, which provided an objective measure of sleep quality and quantity. The children wore the monitors each night for one week. Also, parents and teachers kept daily records of the children’s sleep quantity and autistic behaviors, reporting both good and bad behaviors. A MANOVA was used to assess the effect of REM sleep, duration of sleep, and number of interruptions on autistic symptoms reported by parents and teachers. Results indicate that the amount and quality of REM sleep (both short-term and long-term) affects the frequency of autistic symptomology in children. In addition, results demonstrate that parents’ perceptions of sleep duration in their children is greatly distorted. Parents believe that their children are getting much more sleep than they actually are. Helping parents and teachers understand how important sleep is in affecting autistic symptomology can help modify behaviors. Studies like this are instrumental to providing us with information to better understand one of the fastest growing disorders affecting children today.

Nicholas Gailey, Westminster College Psychology For over seven decades organizational scientists have extensively studied the happy-productive worker thesis, which assumes that a happy worker is a productive worker. Previous research in the field has focused on the relationship of a worker’s own happiness with their productivity. However, uncertainty remains today as to the link between managerial psychological well-being and their employees’ productivity. The purpose of the current study is to find a correlation between managerial psychological well-being and employee productivity. Thirty managers from two manufacturing facilities participated in the study and responded to two different measures of psychological well-being. Productivity data from one hundred employees underneath the managers were also collected daily over a period of three weeks. Results, strengths, and limitations of the study will be discussed along with its implication for future research and practice in the field of industrial/organizational psychology.

Zachary Cook, Elizabeth Hanna, Harmony Jovey, Joseph Ammon Martin, Tyler McDonald, Shelby Randquist, George Rivera, Amy Sachs; Utah Valley University Sociology and Criminology National data concerning citizens’ opinions toward the death penalty is already available, but this data has a serious limitation because only 35 states allow for use of the death penalty (called retentionist states), and each of them uses it differently, so it makes little sense to look at national trends and attitudes and try to apply them to a particular state. It appears that the best method is to explore the attitudes within each retentionist jurisdiction (state) with the goal of obtaining data that will en- able attitudes to be compared and contrasted based on defined variables. This study explores the attitudes of Utah residents in two phases. In the first phase, 6,000 postal surveys were sent to a random sample of Utah residents in six purposively chosen cities (based on representative demographics). This instrument contained questions used in existing instruments and addition- al questions designed to address attitudes specific to the death penalty. The second phase consists of in-depth interviews with survey-respondents who strongly support the death penalty and strongly oppose the death penalty. They will be asked to elaborate on their responses to the postal survey questions and to describe which factors most influence their opinions concerning the death penalty.

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