Humanities

Blake, Deanna (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: McPherson, Kate (Utah Valley University, Honors Program); Hunt, John (Utah Valley University, History); Snedegar, Keith (Utah Valley University, History)

On December 30, 1460 Richard of York, father of both Edward IV and Richard III, fought and died at the battle of Wakefield alongside his son, Edmond Earl of Rutland. Accounts of the time then say he was pulled of his horse and beheaded. The Lancastrians then put his head on a spike with a paper crown on top. They placed it where everyone could see then handed his body over to be buried at Pontefract. His son, Edward IV, took the throne soon after. Several years into his reign, in the year 1475, Edward IV had his father and brother's remains moved to the Church of St. Mary and All Saints in Furthering. It is known that the event, full of ceremonies and processions, was an important political move. The ceremony was elaborate.

The court Edward IV had around him at the time was full of tension. His marriage to Elisabeth Woodville drove a wedge between him and his mentor, Richard duke of Warwick. This would soon turn his brother George duke of Clarence, who wanted power for himself, to ally with Warwick. Edward IV was attempting to show unity between the queen and Warwick at the time of the reburial, even having them walk next to each other holding hands during the procession to the church.

The shaky political ground at the time put much into question. Edward IV took the throne from Henry VI. Many would see this as seizing power taken for the York's after the forced abdication of Richard II. Others saw it as a usurpation. There were other varying thoughts on the matter. In the end, Edward's legitimacy as king was in question. He did what he could to codify the idea of his reign.

The reburial of his father, Richard of York, was one of the many ways he did this. His end goal was to make his father into a king in his death. The event was extravagant. Many attended. Edward IV gave his father such an elaborate funeral possession it could be seen as one of the greatest events of Edward IV reign when it comes to peaceful affairs. He and his affinity said Henry VI was a usurper, Richard of York was the rightful king, therefore Edward was the rightful heir, as opposed to Edward of Westminster. Giving the man a funeral and burial fit for a king would help the people to believe it as well.

Richard's burial was given with all the deference of a king. Edward drew on other monarchies and the duchy of burgundy for inspiration for the event. The event began with a procession that started on the 24th of July. The Duke was dressed in elaborate garbs and coved with a cloth made from gold material with an ermine furred mantle, as a king would be. Candles were lite under the hearse alongside a silver angel wearing a gold crown to represent Richard of York's right to be king. The procession of lords led by the youngest of his sons, Richard Duke of Gloucester, later Richard iii, traveled from Pontefract to Fotheringhgay on 29th. Along the way, the people flocked to watch from all over the country. When they reached Fotheringhay members of the colleges joined the

Heidi Herrera, Brigham Young University Remarkable in both subject and execution, Los Desastres de la Guerra (Disasters of War) is exceptional in Goya’s oeuvre and in artistic representations of wartime rape. Filled with scenes illustrating the consequences and violence of war, Goya offers an insightful yet ambiguous commentary, particularly in the plates in which rape is presented as a first-hand account; plate 9, No quieren—“They don’t want it”—, plate 10, Tampoco—“Nor do these”— and plate 11, Ni por ésas—“Nor those.” Indicting the French soldiers for the rape of women during the French occupation, the Disasters of War offers offering a brutal and deceptively truthful view on the inevitable and horrible consequences which war and looting wage on women, transforming both viewer and artist into witnesses of the gruesome scenes, implicating both as detached, though unwitting, participants in the sexual violence enacted against these women; the artist in his creation of these rapes and the viewers in their reception of the images. By making the viewer a first-hand witness to these rape scenes, Goya accomplishes greater empathy for the women than other artistic portrayals of rape, however, he also unintentionally sheds a spotlight on the callousness of the viewer, and by extension, the artist himself. Both created and publicly received my men, the scenes of sexual violence shown in plates 9-11 display and discuss the rape of women as a means to an end in which the lives and suffering of these women, fictional or real, are periphery to what acts of sexual violence say about the men who wage war. Although art historians and critics today may consider the beauty of the plate’s compositions, is it at all possible for scenes which portray violence against women, as in the Disasters of War, to be considered beautiful? I would like to address how these images were received when The Disasters of War was released in 1863, considering the plate’s reception by contemporaneous art critics such Enrique Mélida within the context of how rape was understood in the nineteenth century. By comparing They don’t want it, Nor do these, and Nor those to portrayals of rape by Goya and other nineteenth-century artists, in addition to portrayals of rape by female artists, I hope to clarify where Goya’s rape scenes reside on a spectrum of artistic representations of rape, ranging from exploitative to empathetic.

A majority of the population in North America endorses religious/spiritual beliefs, with the highest levels of endorsement occurring among ethnic minority groups. Despite this important cultural trend, previous psychological research looking at religion and psychological well-being has been focused on White (European American) populations. There is a growing need to further understand the psychological effects of religiosity among minority groups. Given that ethnic minorities are also at an elevated risk of suffering from mental illness, it is in the best interest of both patients and providers to note any factors that may serve as therapeutic support. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to assess the relationship between religious or spiritual beliefs and psychological well-being. We also hypothesized that a number of moderating factors will be revealed through our data analysis. Through our intensive literature review we extracted data from 120 research studies which reported 42,972 individuals’ psychological well-being as a function of their self-reported religiosity/spirituality. Inclusion criteria were studies from 1980 to 2008 that reported correlational data on constructs of religiosity (religious activities and spiritual beliefs) with constructs of mental health, conducted in North America, with populations that self-identified as being racial, ethnic, or cultural minorities. Retrieved studies were coded twice and verified for accuracy. The modal study involved cross-sectional (correlational) data obtained by convenience sampling from community samples of middle-aged adults. All age groups except children were adequately represented in the literature. Notably, most studies (78%) reported African American participants. On average, across all types of measures of well-being, the random effects weighted correlation with participant religiosity/spirituality was .14 (se = .01, 95% CI = .12 to .16, p < .0001). These results show low to moderate correlations between religion/spirituality and mental health among ethnic minority groups. The range of correlations was from -.11 to .55. These associations held up across racial groups. The association was stronger among older populations and samples with greater percentages of female participants. Mental health professionals need to consider client beliefs when providing treatment. Research may need to further assess the degree to which religion and spirituality affect positive psychological functions rather than distress. Likewise, the nature of psychopathology may be such that it alters the very construct of religion that we were attempting to assess. Formulating an empirical basis for these relationships constitutes a major step forward in the implementation of validated spiritually adapted interventions in mental health care for ethnic minorities.