2020 Abstracts

(Pace, Jenessa; Ence, Elodie; Kunz, Allison; Stevens, Rebecca; Kunz, Amber; Cooper, Izaak; Nelson, Alicia; Asplund, Alyssa; Stock, Julianna) (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Williams, Gustavious (Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering)

Photogrammetry using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has become more relevant to water resources issues. The models generated can be highly accurate and detailed. The use of ground truth is an integral part of ensuring the accuracy of such models. Ground truth based on GPS-obtained data of visual targets gathered in the field prior to UAV data collection are used to improve post processing accuracy. Proper spacing of ground truth is primarily dependent on the flight path of the UAV during data collection, flight height, and image resolution.
One developing task is creating models of full-pool bathymetric maps for reservoirs - using UAVs for above the waterline and sonar for below. Due to their erratic shapes, capturing the shorelines of reservoirs requires erratic flight paths. Planning ground truth spacing requires special care.
To determine proper ground truth spacing we completed a field survey at Starvation Reservoir, near Duchesne, Utah. We selected a two mile stretch along the north side of the reservoir to test various ground truth spacings. We flew the test stretch with two flights, one taking nadir photos and one with the photos taken at an angle of about 30 degrees, more normal to the shoreline. The primary placement of ground truth points was approximately 0.25 miles apart. After the data was recorded, we created models using Metashape software using different ground truth spacing, using spacings of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mile. We used Cloud Compare software to determine the error between each model. We assumed that the model generated using 0.25 points/mile was "truth". We used this preliminary information to determine that for bathymetry maps, a ground truth spacing of 1 mile/point was acceptable, we are continuing our research to refine this finding.

Hansen, Matthew; Kamineni, Abhilash; Zane, Regan (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Kamineni, Abhilash (College of Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department); Zane, Regan (College of Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department)

Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming a cleaner, more popular mode of transportation. However, more convenient charging solutions are required for higher EV adoption. One possible solution is wireless charging of in-motion EVs, but that technology still needs to mature before realization. This research explores a novel charging technology for an in-road wireless charging pad that may increase the feasibility of in-motion wireless EV charging. The research is based on a commonly used pad design. The charging pad on-board the vehicle operates without direct input from the in-road pad, which simplifies current EV wireless charging designs. When the vehicle is not near an in-road pad, negligible energy is used by the vehicle's charging pad, increasing overall efficiency. As the vehicle approaches an in-road pad, the electromagnetic effects of the approaching, enabled vehicle pad activate the in-road pad. An innovative scheme is used to synchronize the in-road pad to the vehicle pad, achieving maximum power transfer. Protections against system instability have also been included. The control scheme only observes the electromagnetic effects of the approaching vehicle, eliminating the need for any radio frequency communication between the vehicle and road and between subsequent in-road pads. The result is a modular, secure, reliable, and simple design. The design improvements can be an enabling technology to in-motion wireless EV charging and broader EV adoption, which can result in lower emissions in populated areas.

Buxton, Ashley; Ahmed, Jasmin; Smith, Adam; Rowley, Robert; Kingstedt, Owen; Berke, Ryan (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Berke, Ryan (College of Engineering, Menanical and Aerospace Engineering Department)

As nuclear facilities grow older, the Department of Energy (DOE) seeks to understand how materials degrade under irradiation conditions. However, engineering-scale radioactive specimens are expensive to irradiate and difficult to handle. Thus, there is significant interest in new methods to characterize materials using miniaturized specimens. In recent years, several promising techniques have gained popularity (for example: nano-indentation, MEMs-based micro-tension, or nano-pillar compression), but there remains a significant gap in translating measurements at a micro- or nano-scale to material properties at an engineering scale.
In the late stages of ductility testing, localized necking means that two specimens of the same material but differing dimensions can produce drastically different elongation measurements. Barba's Law addresses this through scaling relationships. The law's key assumption is that similarly sized tensile specimens develop geometrically similar necked regions. The presented work utilizes this relationship to bridge ductility tests across length scales.
Throughout this research, full-field displacements are measured using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). In brief, DIC works by recording images of a specimen before and after deformation with a digital camera, then comparing the images to compute deformation. The gauge region is then varied to assess whether Barba's Law can be satisfied with a single long specimen and multiple shorter gauge regions. Multiple physical specimen lengths are then measured to validate the DIC results.

Kjar, Andrew; Heap, Mitchell; Wadsworth, Ian; Vargis, Elizabeth; Britt, David (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Britt, David (College of Engineering, Biological Engineering Department); Vargis, Elizabeth (College of Engineering, Biological Engineering Department)

Quercetin is a flavonoid that exhibits antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus infection, the leading cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss in infants. However, delivering quercetin as an antiviral treatment is challenging as it is sparingly soluble in water and highly susceptible to oxidation once solubilized. This study investigated quercetin encapsulation in micelles formed from self-assembled nanocariiers of differing hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain lengths (specifically, F127, P123, and F68). Samples were investigated weekly for two months using UV-vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering to determine quercetin chemical stability and micelle size, respectively. Free quercetin and F68-encapsulated quercetin oxidized within one week in PBS, while quercetin encapsulated by Pluronics F127 and P123 remained stable and encapsulated over two months. Pluronics F127 and F68 have similar PEO chain lengths, but the lower hydrophobic PPO content of F68 was insufficient to allow quercetin-loaded F68 to form stable carriers. As a consequence, F68 also did not protect quercetin against oxidation. The decreased PEO chain length of P123 did not inhibit micelle formation nor oxidative protection. These data suggest the length of the hydrophilic chain is not a determining factor in the chemical stability of encapsulated quercetin. Instead, shielding effects appear to correlate to longer hydrophobic segment lengths, as in F127 and P123.

Conclusions: The ability of the selected Pluronics to encapsulate quercetin in stable micelles and inhibit oxidation was highly dependent on PEO/PPO ratios. This work indicates selection of the appropriate delivery vehicle is necessary to improve quercetin's efficacy as an antiviral and antioxidant for inhibiting CMV and associated SNHL.

Tucker, Ryan W.; Bundy, Bradley C. (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Bundy, Bradley (Engineering, Chemical Engineering)

Peer-reviewed journal articles publications and their citation rate is the primary measure of research productivity and impact. Many measure of this impact have been developed and this has motivated many researchers to advertise and market their work. However, there are challenges with this system in that much of the scientific literature is not openly available and there are often high fees associated with making an article open access. Here I discuss this challenge and how engineering researchers are working to better make their research more available to the community.

Van Leeuwen, Fiona; German, Emma; Berke, Ryan (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Berke, Ryan (College of Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department)

Stereo Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a technique to visually analyze deformations and strains in a material. This way of calculating strains is useful due to the implications of the technique being non-contact. One of the methods to improve using this technique is to use scheimpflug (AKA tilt-tip lenses) to increase the depth of field of the image. These lenses are oriented at an angle with respect to the camera sensor, thereby rotating the angle between the image plane and the subject plane. These methods have been verified in fluids research for PIV measurements which are like DIC. The experiment was conducted by first verifying the method by using a single camera. The research currently being conducted is on using two cameras giving a verification for the 3D method. The goal for this research is to measure an increase in depth of field. Using the single camera 2D measurements, it has been shown that at steeper angles from the camera, the better the measurement when a larger scheimpflug angle is used.

Keyword: Depth of Field, Scheimpflug Lenses, Stereo DIC

Cutler, James; Stanley, Andrew; Ning, Andrew (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Ning, Andrew (Brigham Young University, Mechanical Engineering)

Wind farms are severely affected by negative wake interactions between turbines. By opti- mizing the tilt angle of the turbines in a farm, wakes may be deflected away from downstream turbines, increasing the overall energy production. In this study, we will optimize the tilt angle of turbines in a wind farm to maximize energy production. We will use an analytic wake model modified to consider wake deflection from tilt, and gradient-based optimization. We will consider optimizing the tilt angle of each turbine assuming that it will remain fixed for the lifetime of the farm. We will also consider active tilt control. Preliminary results with a simple five turbine row show that a large tilt angles of 35_ in the front upstream turbine increases the power production of the five turbines by about 20% compared to the power production with no tilt in the front turbine. Although these preliminary results only consider one wind direction and exaggerate the gains from wake deflection through tilt, we expect that considering a whole wind farm and wind distribution will still result in significant gains.

Burrows, Tessa; Paterson, Chase; Harris, Tom; Jones, Justin; Elizabeth, Vargis (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Vragis, Elizabeth (College of Engineering, Biological Engineering Department)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness in developed nations. To better treat this disease, an accurate model of the retina is needed to study how its healthy and diseased functions. Modeling Bruch's membrane (BM) — a semipermeable layer separates the specialized cells in the retina from blood vessels and becomes more thick and brittle with age — can aid in identifying how the cells associated with AMD, retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, grow and respond to stress. This project identifies how the brittleness and thickness of a synthetic BM affects cell function and stress factor production in RPE cells. Previous research compared the growth of RPE cells on Transwell membranes and recombinant spider silk proteins (rSSPs) to model BM, and found rSSPs membranes to support RPE growth. Using rSSPs, nonporous membranes with thicknesses of approximately 36 and 50 µm were fabricated to simulate a thicker and more brittle, aged BM. Control assessments were performed with Transwell support membranes, and with 15 µm rSSPs membranes which have been found to support the growth of RPE cells. RPE cells (ARPE-19) were grown on the membranes to confluency and the permeability of the membrane-cell complex was assessed with a size dependent permeability assay with fluorescent dyes of varying molecular weight. Preliminary results found that 36 and 50 µm membranes have a lower permeability coefficient with 7 days of cell growth and a 10 kDa dye. This project is ongoing, and future work includes protein staining to determine the formation of tight junctions and the expression of vascular growth factors associated with AMD. Differences in permeability across the thicker cell-membrane complexes suggest RPE cells have a reduced ability to transport waste across BM. Using rSSPs provides a tunable substrate to quantify the importance of BM in AMD.

Qian,Rui (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Salmon, John (BYU - Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering); Killpack, Marc (BYU - Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering)

The cooperation between humans and robots may become more intuitive as technology develops. It is foreseeable that soon physical human-robot collaboration may be applied in the area of co-manipulation of objects, especially in search and rescue. It comes naturally for a human dyad to adapt and respond to changes with each other while moving objects. However, it still can be difficult for a robot to determine the motion it should take to best collaborate with a human. In order to optimize robots imitation of humans and improve their efficiency to assist humans, the research aims to design algorithms for robots to move objects in more human-like ways by first analyzing behavioral characteristics of human-to-human collaborations.

During our experiments, we will designate one person per group as a leader and one as a follower to carry a stretcher-like table as a simulated object with force-torque sensors through different obstacles. As the follower will not be explicitly told the intention of the leader, the forces and torques that the follower feels through the object become important for understanding the leader's intent. With standardized specific goals and qualifiers, data will be gathered on the force and torque people exert on the object and motion of table; we will then analyze the correlation and characteristics between the data and people's actual intentions. The data will later be implemented as an algorithm on the robot to help it identify human's intentions and to complete the cooperative task efficiently and smoothly.

Swomitra, Mohanty; Willis, Christina ; Larson, Shaylee (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Mohanty, Swomitra (Engineering, Chemical Engineering)

The World Health Organization has cited tuberculosis (TB) as a global health emergency. As this is a disease that mainly affects those in developing countries, it is important to provide a rapid and affordable means of diagnosis. Emerging work has shown breath biopsy to be a promising resource for diagnosing a variety of diseases, but is particularly promising for TB, as it negates the need for sputum collection that can cause many problems in young or ill patients and can provide results at point of care.

The breath of a patient diagnosed with TB contain volatile organic biomarkers (VOBs) that are given off by the bacteria that cause the disease. Detection of VOBs with via metal-functionalized titanium dioxide sensors has been successful in very sick patients, however it is limited in its ability to detect low analyte levels and has unknown specificity in a complex human breath matrix. Preliminary results indicate that the use of an engineered electroactive solution (EAS), a liquid-phase complex which utilizes a functional metal in solution, can improve the current sensing platform by simplifying the electrode configuration and allowing the use of more complex electrochemical techniques (in this case square wave voltammetry (SWV)). Because the margins of detection can be quite small, successful optimization of SWV parameters is vital. The proposed project will explore a means of optimizing these parameters by collecting a variety of sample data in order to determine how the electrochemical activity of the EAS is altered when biomarkers are introduced.

Gibbons, Andrew; Clingo, Kelly; Emmett, Darian; Fullwood, David; Bowden, Anton (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Fullwood, David (Brigham Young University, Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering; Engineering and Technology); Bowden, Anton (Brigham Young University, Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering; Engineering and Technology)

Spine dysfunctions such as stenosis and herniated discs have traditionally been diagnosed using X-ray or MRI imaging techniques; but these methods capture a snapshot of the problem, without revealing the positional dependence of the causes and effects. In order to provide a richer dataset to physicians, an NIH-funded project has begun with the aim of tracking details of spinal motion for people with healthy and symptomatic backs. Novel nanocomposite strain gauges will be used to capture skin deformation during typical back motion, and correlate these data with back motions that are known to reveal chronic subcutaneous trauma. This paper focuses on the optimal placement of strain gauges for maximum resolution of the underlying biomechanics.

An array of reflective markers was placed on a healthy individual's lower back between the L5 and T10 vertebrae. A QUALISYS motion capture lab was then used to determine the coordinates of these markers during flexion, rotation, flexion with rotation, and side bending. These motions were repeated 3 times for 10 seconds. The distances between markers were calculated for each motion and the strain values between resting and flexed positions were determined. Initial validation was performed by comparing a maximum tensile strain of 0.54, between the L5 and L1 vertebrae in flexion, with a previously reported value of 0.5 in the literature.

This paper will report the development of an optimal arrangement of sensors for resolving the relevant biomechanics of the spine, based upon a detailed analysis of the optical marker results. Future work will utilize these results to develop a skin mounted, wearable sensor array that can measure the real-time kinematics of the spine and compare them with a database of healthy and low back pain subjects using a machine-learning paradigm. We hope to use the system to identify mechanical sources of low-back pain.

Jacobs, Matt (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: George, Andy (Engineering, School of Technology); Miles, Mike (Engineering, School of Technology)

Composites are unique materials in many respects. When fabric woven from carbon fibers is joined with a thermoset resin in a controlled environment, it results in a very strong material. One aspect of this construction that provides great strength lies in the crosslinked chains of plastic polymers, which form strong bonds as the resin cures. It's a two-edged sword, though. Although the resin and the composite are quite strong together, they are very difficult to pull apart once they're formed, in order to be able to use again in the future. As such, composite structures formed with industry-standard thermoset resins have a single-use lifespan. The cheapest thing to do to dispose of them is to simply throw them away. However, by isolating the dry fibers by burning off the resin (a process called pyrolysis), the fibers are able to be processed again in useful ways — they are reclaimed. My research focuses on pyrolysis and ways to optimize its process. I aim to showcase its environmentally-friendly capabilities through making new composite structures with fibers reclaimed via pyrolysis to lessen landfill waste.

For the experimental phase of the research, a roll of unprocessed carbon fiber material will be selected for producing 4 test groups:
Virgin-sized carbon fibers
Fibers that have undergone pyrolysis
Fibers infused to part and reclaimed with pyrolysis, oxygen-free environment
Fibers infused to part and reclaimed with pyrolysis, ambient air environment

Fiber samples will then be processes into 3mm length fibers. Fibers will then be introduced to Matrix at TBD% Fiber volume content, following which, dog bones will be molded from samples for tensile testing. Dog bones will then be tensile tested and analyzed at fracture point.

Response variables involved include:
Oxygen vs deoxygenated atmosphere (during pyrolysis),
Bath vs spray vs no application (method of sizing).
Control variables include:
Fiber & Sizing,
Fiber resin ratio,
Fiber Length,
Pyrolysis Time & Temp.

Post-pyrolysis fibers will then be chopped, blended with plastic (polymer TBD) and extruded, cut into pellets, and injection molded into dog-bones for tensile testing. The resulting mechanical properties of the carbon fiber reinforced plastic compared with standard injection molding polymers as well as fully-cured composite.

Although uncertainties exist in the viability of sizing application and surface treatment for composites recycling, building upon previous work in pyrolysis and utilizing the unique resources available at BYU (composites lab, ready access to aerospace-grade fibers, industry standard processing equipment, scanning electron microscopes, etc.), the work's importance and potential for contributions to the field are clear.

Baker, Spencer; Charles, Steven (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Charles, Steven (Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering)

Essential tremor is one of the most common movement disorders and affects millions nationwide. Its debilitating effects and lack of satisfactory treatments accentuates the need for new tremor-suppressing methods. Alternative treatments are possible but would be more effective if tremor propagation from neurological activity to joint movement was better understood. The purpose of this research was to further develop previous investigations and discover the effects deep upper limb muscles on tremor propagation.
A model of the upper limb was developed to simulate tremor propagation from neural drive to muscle force, joint torque, and degree of freedom movement. An analysis of the model revealed four tremor propagation principles. (1) Musculoskeletal dynamics spread neural drive to multiple outputs, act as a low-pass filter in the tremor bandwidth, and cause a phase shift between muscle activity and joint movement. (2) Tremor spreads primarily due to inertia and secondarily due to moment arm geometry. (3) Tremor spreads narrowly. (4) The degree of freedom most affected by the tremor is wrist flexion-extension.
These conclusions provide new information regarding the propagation of tremor from superficial and deep upper-limb muscles, lay the foundation for determining the muscular source of tremor, and will assist in future tremor treatments.

Brevin, Brevin; Taylor, Aubrie; Bowden, Anton (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Bowden, Anton (Brigham Young University, Mechanical Engineering)

The development of precise lumbar vertebral devices depends heavily on the varying dimensions of vertebrae themselves. Upon literature review it was found that while much data presents spinal measurements for curvature in kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, as well as individual vertebral heights and diameters, little to no data has been published regarding the transverse curvature of the vertebrae. As this measurement is requisite for the designing of a lumbar vertebral clamp currently being developed in our laboratory, the purpose of this work was to measure a variety of lumbar vertebrae, specifically characterizing lateral length, sagittal width, vertebral height, and the transverse curvature at the minimum lateral length. Dimensions were measured manually from dissected human spine samples using dial calipers and a measuring tape. 13 lumbar vertebrae from 3 cadaveric spines were measured. The average lateral length was 1.63 in (+/- 0.20 in) and the average transverse radius of curvature was 1.01 in (+/- 0.12 in). In future work, these measurements will be incorporated into the device design process for the lumbar vertebral clamp.

Mortensen, Chase (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Truscott, Tadd (College of Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department)

The aim of this project is to analyze water entry based cavity formation of two projectiles and how it affects their motion. The study will be conducted by dropping two horizontally spaced similar-sized hydrophobic spheres from different heights into a quiescent water pool. The results will look at the position, acceleration and forces of the two sphere system and how they differ from a single sphere water entry. In addition, the horizontally spaced spheres show a change in the accompanying cavity formation and evolution when compared to past studies of a single sphere entry. Preliminary data suggests that the closer you drop projectiles to one another in water, the resulting of cavity-seal time, cavity shape, drag experienced by the bodies while in water could differ from single projectiles entering the water.

Colver, Mitchell; Hagman, Amanda (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Colver, Mitchell; Hagman, Amanda

Making the choice of where to live while in college is frequently acknowledged as one of the most important decisions an undergraduate student makes. Housing decisions influence students' access to campus resources and social integration, elements thought to be key indicators of their progression towards graduation. Interestingly, however, the association between living on-campus and persistence has not been considered thoroughly in the literature. While many studies leverage survey data and retention rates to make direct comparisons between on-campus and off-campus groups, most are unable to account for self-selection bias, i.e. that students who live on-campus may be qualitatively different from students who chose to live off-campus. The present study overcame this challenge by utilizing a matching technique called Prediction-based Propensity Score Matching (PPSM). Using this theoretically-driven and methodologically robust technique, researchers were able to account for self-selection bias and estimate the impact of on-campus living on student persistence. After matching, researchers estimated that students living on-campus experience a 1.19% lift (CI: 0.55% to 1.83%) in persistence. In other words, the model suggests that 46 students (CI: 21 to 71) remain enrolled at the institution simply because they live on-campus. This conclusion indicates that living in university housing is not only important because it provides students with campus proximity and social activities, but ultimately because it helps them persist towards graduation.

Joshua Luchs; Angela Kline (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor; Wright, Geoff (Brigham Young University, Technology and Engineering Studies)

Despite the continual efforts of researchers and academic institutions, STEM fields such as Engineering remain male-dominated in representation. This study explores many of the positive and negative influencers affecting women in the determination to invest in engineering as an academic pathway. Whereas previous literature details many of the social barriers women encounter while pursuing male-dominated fields, this study uniquely investigates the technical focuses, academic mapping, and natural interests with potential to counteract said barriers. To achieve this, data was collected by interviews and surveys among both post-parted collegiate female engineers as well as sixth-grade males and females from local public schools. Surveys given among the younger group particularly provided insight into the framework through which developing females prefer to receive STEM instruction. The Standards for Technological Literacy serve as one of these primary frameworks assessed. By comparing the data on female interest within each Technological Literacy Standard, conclusions offered insight into the applications by which females more naturally take interest in STEM studies. These conclusions lead into the important pursuit of properly mapping STEM curriculum to actively engage and support all genders in a balanced pedagogical model.

Rasmussen, Melissa; Lauritsen, Jake; Clarke-Midura, Jody; Lee, Victor; Recker, Mimi (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Lee, Victor (Emma Eccles Jones College of Education & Human Services, Instructional Technology and Learning Sciences Department); Recker, Mimi (Emma Eccles Jones College of Education & Human Services, Instructional Technology and Learning Sciences Department)

With the rising perception of computer science as a universally useful skill in the twenty-first century, researchers and schools test ways to effectively interest and introduce young children to computer science. Our project develops a curriculum pairing an "unplugged" board game component with a "plugged" portion in MIT's Scratch, pairing short class lectures with hands-on student learning. In order to effectively work with our partner school district and implement a complete unit without taking too many class minutes, we integrate much of the hands-on portion of the curriculum into existing library time. We run several iterations of the curriculum for fifth graders, refining the 6-8 week unit as we go. Of particular concern in our design is the typical middle school teacher's unfamiliarity with coding and computer science concepts. We find that it may be possible to capitalize on this unfamiliarity in order to improve student outcomes. We look at student creativity and computational thinking during the unit, seeking an increase in ability and self-efficacy by closing the unit with student creation of their own game boards. Furthermore, we examine female engagement and interest in the programming portion, with the goal of pinpointing factors that could increase female participation in computer science or partially explain the current deficit. The results of the implementation of our curriculum, with particular focus on the successes and failures that can be generalized to other computer science curricula, will be discussed.