Fine Arts

Authors: Carolina Corrales. Mentors: James R. Allison. Insitution: Brigham Young University. This research analyzes ceramics found at the Alkali Ridge Site 13 in southeast Utah. The information generated with this research will allow us to know more about the technological choices of the Early Pueblo I people who lived at this location in the late A.D. 700s. The methodology will examine rim sherds through refiring and porosity tests. Refiring small sections of the sherds will provide initial information about the chemical composition of the clay used to create the vessels. The porosity tests should help determine the pieces' physical properties linked to different technologies. The combination of all these data will show differences in raw materials and their impact on the constitution of the vessels. The database obtained will allow us to statistically compare information from red, grey, and white wares, identifying patterns in size, shape, kind of material, and the technology used for each type.

Authors: Eli F Smith, Christopher Dillon, Matthew S Allen. Mentors: Matt Allen. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Background: Shear wave tensiometry offers a method to measure in vivo tendon tension, crucial for inferring applied loads on tendons. However, existing equipment for this purpose is costly and lacks mobility, limiting the ability to study a larger cohort of subjects engaged in various physical activities. Goal: This research aimed to assess the viability of utilizing low-cost digital accelerometers in conjunction with an Arduino-based microcontroller for shear wave tensiometry. Approach: This work employs surface-mounted accelerometers on a custom flexible printed circuit board (PCB), so that even spacing can be maintained between the accelerometers without interfering in data collection. To test the system and verify its ability to acquire measurements at a high enough rate, the PCB was connected to a shaker driven with a known sinusoidal signal. The flexible PCB was held in place on the Achilles tendon using athletic tape with a tapper placed on the tendon to send a shear wave through the tendon. Results: The results obtained to date compare the accuracy of the proposes system relative to the current system, which uses instrument grade accelerometers. Results obtained to date on the tendon reveal the degree to which the PCB interferes with the measurements, and suggest possible modifications to improve future designs. Conclusion: To attain valid shear wave tensiometry data, further iterations of the flexible PCB design are needed. Moreover, employing more powerful microcontrollers capable of accommodating the requisite sample rates is necessary for an improved system.

Authors: Shauri Thacker. Mentors: Nicole Dib. Insitution: Southern Utah University. The representation of Black narratives within the medium of comics and graphic novels has been and continues to be sparse compared to the focus on white characters and stories. In recent years, however, a new paradigm of Black representation has been appearing in comics and comics studies. Emerging from Black Lives Matter movement discourse about police brutality and taking a new angle on the “organic black protest tradition” is Victor LaValle and Dietrich Smith’s 2017 graphic novel Destroyer. Their visual narrative follows the last descendant of Frankenstein—Dr. Josephine Baker—and her endeavors for justice after the murder of her son Akai as her plotline weaves with the original Frankenstein creature’s quest to subdue humanity (Rickford, 35). In this paper, I will perform a close reading of this work using the theoretical lens of critical race theory and its intersection with feminist theory. My reading will prove that LaValle and Smith’s comic—though it does not have the intent of treating Black women as a “unitary and monolithic entity”—increases a reader’s focus on mother and doctor Josephine Baker in order to portray her rage and grief over Akai’s death at the hands of a police offer (Nash, 8). This analysis of Dr. Baker’s character, combined with LaValle’s usage of allusions and intertextuality, subverts the stereotypically white comic narrative by portraying the lived reality and precarity of many Black individuals within the United States. Through this reading, I will demonstrate that the medium of comics allows for a multifaceted depiction of Black narratives and a new form of literary activism.

Authors: Alexis West Salinas. Mentors: Johnathan Chidester. Insitution: Southern Utah University. There is a growing need to further understand the psychological and physical effects of religiosity among female-identifying members within the LDS church. According to recent studies, as of June 2023, Utah has a Mormon population of 68.55%. Within these statistics, about a fifth of LDS members reported that they have or are currently taking medication for depression. The article also states that 27% of LDS women have depression compared to the 14.5% of LDS men. The church has an infamous reputation with the demonization of mental illness, especially with women. Given the history of society’s treatment of women, women are at an increased risk of suffering within the LDS church. It is important to have the best interests of LDS women in discussing the effects religiosity has on female members within Utah. This paper will analyze the well-being among women of the LDS church as well as assess the specific effects religiosity within Utah may produce surrounding the topics of purity culture, societal expectations, job opportunities, and relationships. This paper will also touch on topics relating to Utah education, LGBTQ+ women within the church, as well as compare and contrast gender roles and sociology. Composing a formulated understanding of these relationships paves the pathway forward in implementing accommodating tools for women within the LDS church in mental health and spirituality.

Authors: Parker Johns, Chandler Warr, Gregory P Nordin, William G Pitt. Mentors: William G Pitt. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) microfluidic devices have gained prominence in various biomedical and analytical applications due to their exceptional material properties and compatibility with cell culture systems. However, the presence of residual uncrosslinked PEGDA monomers and photoinitiators within these devices can lead to cytotoxicity concerns, potentially compromising cell viability and experimental results. In this study, we present an innovative approach to reduce cytotoxicity associated with PEGDA microfluidic devices by implementing an isopropanol (IPA) washing method.Our investigation involves thoroughly characterizing the cytotoxicity of untreated PEGDA microfluidic devices and comparing it with devices subjected to the IPA washing procedure. We systematically assess cytotoxicity using cell viability assays and cell proliferation studies to quantify the impact of residual cytotoxic compounds on cells cultured within the microfluidic channels. Our results demonstrate that IPA washing significantly reduces the cytotoxic effects of PEGDA microfluidic devices, leading to improved cell viability and overall biocompatibility.Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanisms behind the reduction in cytotoxicity, shedding light on the role of IPA in effectively removing unreacted PEGDA and photoinitiators. This study provides valuable insights into the optimization of PEGDA microfluidic device fabrication processes, enhancing their biocompatibility and usability for various biological and biomedical applications.In summary, our research highlights the importance of addressing cytotoxicity concerns associated with PEGDA microfluidic devices and offers a practical solution through the implementation of an IPA washing method, ultimately expanding the potential of these devices in diverse scientific and clinical applications.

Authors: Jacob Prescott. Mentors: Zoe Thompson. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene encodes POMC, which is differentially processed to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin, and three melanocyte-stimulating hormones, among other peptides. POMC neurons are principally located in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus, where they are essential in the control of food intake, energy expenditure and body weight. Several different mutations in the POMC gene have been shown to cause early-onset obesity and adrenal cortical insufficiency in humans. We are working with a mouse model with a hypothalamic-specific POMC deficiency. These mice exhibit hyperphagia, early-onset obesity, and also seem to be infertile. We are interested in examining potential differences in pubertal development, as well as reproductive function. Specifically, we will examine day of vaginal opening, day of first estrus, and estrus cycling in juvenile female POMC-deficient mice. The estrus cycle has four stages: proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus. Although hormone levels in the blood differ during the four stages, these are difficult and expensive to measure. A less invasive measurement is to take vaginal cell samples each day and examine them under the microscope. Three different types of cells are present in different ratios depending on the stage of the cycle: nucleated epithelial cells, leukocytes, and cornified epithelial cells. We will track estrus cycle changes during pubertal development and after to see if there are differences between wildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous POMC-deficient mice.Learning more about how POMC-deficiency affects reproductive function may help us understand more about the link between obesity and infertility.

Authors: Cora Rasmuson, Carly Biedul, David Herbst. Mentors: Carly Biedul. Insitution: Westminster College. Great Salt Lake (GSL) is a unique ecosystem known for its elevated saline conditions, supporting diverse biological communities. However, GSL's vital habitats for birds and invertebrates are diminishing due to climate variability and water diversions. The keystone species, Ephydra gracilis, known as brine flies, is central to this ecosystem's food web.Microbialite mounds of haloarchaea, algae, and cyanobacteria sustain E. gracilis, but receding shorelines and record-low lake levels intensify salinity, reducing food sources and brine fly survivability. This decline has far-reaching consequences, as E. gracilis accounts for over 50% of the diet for 10 million migratory birds at GSL.Ongoing research is focused on refining methods for monitoring populations of Ephydra species in response to changing salinity and elevation levels. This research is vital for the preservation of the lake's ecosystem and biodiversity.

Authors: Heidi Kipp, Annika Jones, . T. Heath Ogden. Mentors: T. Heath Ogden. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The purpose of this research is to identify and document mayfly instars from a parthenogenetic population of individuals being raised in the lab. Instars are the developmental stages of an arthropod between molts. Mayflies (and other non holometabolous insects) go through incomplete metamorphosis, moving from egg to nymph stages, and then to subimago (unique to mayflies), and imago (or adult). Previous research indicates the number of instars to be between 12-45 depending on the species, and the species we studied is estimated to have around 15. During each instar, mayflies shed their exoskeleton. The difference between each instar is vital to understanding the changes in gene expression and overall life cycle of a species. Instars have subtle differences, and identifying them will help further research into which genes are involved in producing specific morphological characteristics. Defining these structures, such as the forming of eyes or wings, are of particular interest in evolutionary phylogenetics. We raised Centroptilum trianguilfer (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in a controlled water tank, collecting and dating egg samples from mature imagos. Water is maintained with standard ion composition with 130-400 conductivity. Once the eggs hatched, we performed daily inspections and measurements using a 40x stereomicroscope microscope and Lumenera Infinity Analyze. We are using basic appearance, size and morphology) to separate instars. We will identify and photograph each instar. Samples from the different instars, subimagos, and adults will be acquired and used to generate transcriptome data. We propose that our research will aid in the investigation of mayfly evolution and their genetic mechanisms of control.

Authors: Akir Rowe, Hali Hutchinson, Kingdom Wanjoku. Mentors: Katrina Twing. Insitution: Weber State University. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic chemicals popularly used in electrical manufacturing companies from the 1930s - 1970s. PCBs, colloquially known as ‘forever chemicals’, are known to cause significant health concerns and are notoriously difficult to remove from an environment. PCBs are currently banned in the US; however, they can still be found in the environment due to improper disposal methods. This research aims to better understand ecological networks, genomic novelties, and potential bioremediation of microbes from PCB-contaminated environments. Microcosm cultures were developed to resemble the original conditions of the environmental samples, containing PCB-contaminated mud from Woods Pond, Lenox, Massachusetts, and filtered pond water with three different treatments: aerobic, anaerobic, and anaerobic with the addition of sulfate. These cultures have been growing for five months, showing signs of active microbial metabolism (e.g., rust patches in sediment gas production). The microcosms were used as inoculum for agar containing PCBs, and 30 PCB-tolerant colonies were isolated, with some belonging to known PCB-degrading taxa of Paenibacillus, Clostridium, Rhizobium, Methylversatalis, and Sphingobacteria. Future analyses will be conducted to (a) identify the microbial diversity within the microcosms via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, (b) explore the metabolisms within the microcosms, and (c) further characterize the isolated PCB-tolerant bacteria. This data will aid further research to determine if and how these microbes metabolize PCB compounds.

Authors: Jerzee Findlay, Gina Fuller. Mentors: Katrina Twing. Insitution: Weber State University. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic chemicals which were popularly used in electrical manufacturing companies from the 1930s - 1970s and are known to cause significant health concerns for humans even today. These have also been termed “forever chemicals” due to their ability to bind to sediments and soils, which results in difficulties with removal or degradation in contaminated environments. One site of widespread PCB contamination is Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where improper disposal of industrial waste by a General Electric plant has led to chronically contaminated rivers and ponds, even decades later. The aim of this research project is to learn more about the microbial communities that coexist with these toxic forever chemicals, hoping to find evidence that they can degrade PCBs through metabolism. This specific study within the project focuses on microbial diversity of sediment samples collected from the contaminated Woods Pond, located downstream of the Pittsfield General Electric plant.: We performed DNA extractions, PCR amplification, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on an Oxford Nanopore MinION DNA Sequencer. Preliminary data suggest that the samples contain genera known to be associated with PCB degradation, such as Paenibacillus, Clostridium, Rhizobium, and Sphingobacteria. With this understanding, future efforts aim to evaluate the ability of these environmental bacteria to degrade PCBs.

Authors: Melissa Rangel, Avery Larsen, Heath Ogden. Mentors: Heath Ogden. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Mayflies, also known as ephemeroptera, are members of the first group of insects that evolved the ability to fly(Gillott, 2005). Distinct developmental characteristics of the life stages of the mayfly are the reason that Ephemeroptera are of particular interest.The aquatic nymph stages do not have wings, but they do possess abdominal leaf-shaped gills, and in some cases gills associated to the legs. The abdominal gills can sometimes be used to help propel the insect through its environment (Eastham, 1936) in addition to performing gas exchange. Centroptilum triangulifer (family Baetidae), will be used for RNA extractions to study the developmental genetic profiles for characteristics such as wings and gills. Objectives for this research are 1). Acquire samples from different instars, subimago, and imago. 2) Perform 10 RNA extractions. 3) Use Qubit technology to ensure ≥ 20 ng/μL RNA concentration per ≥ 10 μL. 4) samples will be packaged in thermo-stable shipping boxes and sent to Novogene where samples are tested once more for quality control. 5) Once quality is confirmed, samples will be sent and processed by Novogene. 6). Using an in-house bioinformatics workflow, RNA data will be checked for quality, trimmed, aligned, and assembled. The assembled contains will be used to search for genes of interest. 7) the resulting RNA expression profiles will be compared across the installs, sub imago, and imago and to other expression profiles from other related insects.

Authors: Stephen Chamberland, Craig D. Thulin, Katherine Solorzano, Cassandra Beddes, Nathan Twitchell, Abram Caruso. Mentors: Steve Chamberland, Craig D. Thulin. Insitution: Utah Valley University. This investigative procedure is a continuation of an experiment done by UVU undergraduate student Kyra Banks and her mentor, UVU Professor of Chemistry Craig Thulin, to determine the structure of xanthommatin. Xanthommatin is one of the primary pigments found in monarch butterflies, and many other insects. Data obtained during the mass spectrometric analysis was observed to indicate a possible deamination of xanthommatin, however the quantity of deaminated xanthommatin observed was too small and so the structure could not be determined. The research investigates the precedented deamination of kynurenine as a model to develop a procedure for the deamination of 3-hydroxykynurenine, primarily due to the fact that it is cheaper in price to xanthommatin, as well as a chemical precursor that can be used for the synthesis of xanthommatin. The implications of this suggest that the deamination procedure developed for 3-hydroxykynurenine could be successfully replicated with xanthommatin. After the deamination procedure has been successfully repeated, xanthommatin will be synthesized using one of a few procedures developed by Kumar, A., et al1. Once a sufficient sample of xanthommatin has been successfully synthesized, the deamination procedure will be repeated on samples of xanthommatin to determine the structure of deaminated xanthommatin using NMR spectroscopy. The research conducted here is beneficial not only because it is a continuation of other UVU student’s and staff’s work, but also to those whose work is in the animal biology realm of science. The information that will be extracted from this research will spearhead new research pathways and questions to be explored.Xanthommatin-Based Electrochromic Displays Inspired by Nature (acs.org)Biomimetic Colorants and Coatings Designed with Cephalopod-Inspired Nanocomposites (acs.org)

Authors: Karissa Bauer, Kennedy Lewis, James Belnap, Andrew Torena, Braden Freestone, Luis Montenegro Calla. Mentors: Daniel Clark. Insitution: Weber State University. In the United States, 157 documented cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) have been recorded between 1962 and 2022. In the 60 years since the first reported case, only four patients have survived; a 97.5% fatality rate. The causative agent responsible for the highly fatal infections, is the free-living, single-celled parasite, Naegleria fowleri— or the “brain-eating amoeba.” The aquatic thermophiles are opportunistic pathogens that inhabit a wide range of environments; from poorly maintained pools, moist sediment, rivers, lakes, etc. Exposure to N. fowleri invasion is reliant on direct contact with a host’s upper nasal mucosa, and the active parasite. Rapid deterioration of neural tissues occurs shortly after infection.Today, there is no universally accepted treatment plan for treating PAM infections. The CDC has recommended an empirical approach to treatment, and suggests utilizing combination drug-therapies. Suggested drugs include Amphotericin B, Azithromycin, Fluconazole, Miltefosine, and Rifampin. To better understand and evaluate the effects of these drugs on N. fowleri, a rescue-of-infection model was applied to test the efficacy of single and combination-drug treatments, at various time points. The model utilized an immortalized HeLa cell line that was infected with the amoebae until roughly 50% cytotoxicity was observed. The rescue stage commenced with drug additions, and HeLa cell metabolism, and apoptosis levels were monitored using fluorescence viability assays and caspase-3 enzyme detection systems. Drug combinations that included Rifampin and Amphotericin B, provided the greatest protection for human Hela cells against N. fowleri infections. Data collected from this model provides deeper understanding of Naegleria fowleri pathogenicity. This knowledge will aid the development of more reliable and efficient treatments for this devastating infection.

Authors: Jacob Sampson, Joshua Goates, Brian Patchett, Abolfazl Amin, Bonnie Andersen. Mentors: Bonnie Andersen. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Noise from an interstate can reach extreme levels. The OSHA limit for when sound becomes dangerous for the health of individuals is 85 dB. At UVU there is a pedestrian bridge that goes over I-15 and the students and other pedestrians that use this bridge are exposed to sound levels that could be potentially dangerous for their hearing, along with other adverse health effects due to sound on a regular basis. Sound levels have been measured on the bridge using two different measuring devices. The first being an Extech noise dosimeter, that was worn on the shoulder of the measurer as they walked across the bridge. The second instrument used was a Larson David sound level meter. That was placed on several places along the length of the bridge at set to record for several minutes to get the sound levels at those places. Sound levels that have been recorded have ranged form 79 dB to 102 dB. The OSHA limit for occupational exposure at 100 dB is two hours while for non-occupational exposure it is only 15 minutes. This research seeks to better understand and quantify the noise exposure pedestrians experience on the bridge. Also this research hopes to find out what facts influence the sound levels on the bridge and we hope to compare our experimental results to an ANSYS model of the bridge to confirm our findings.

Authors: Spencer Brown, Shawn Pepper, Carson Draughon, Ulises Thornock, Dustin Shipp. Mentors: Dustin Shipp. Insitution: Utah Valley University. In the shadow of the 2021-2023 global energy crisis, the need for alternative sources of energy has reached an all time high. To combat this, we have developed a prototype method of harvesting kinetic energy from a door swing, converting that energy into electricity, and storing it inside a battery for future use. Our experiments have demonstrated the capability to use the energy from one door to charge a cellular phone, but we believe this method could be applied on a much larger scale. In this poster we will discuss the method, design, and measurements from our device, as well as possible future applications.

Authors: Miranda Rose, Daniel James. Mentors: Daniel James. Insitution: Utah Valley University. In this study, we investigated mechanical vibrations as a mechanism for creating uniform droplets in a free liquid jet. A stream of liquid naturally breaks into irregular droplets as it falls due to the Plateau-Rayleigh instability. In this work, droplet break-up was triggered by utilizing a motor with Arduino-based frequency control and stroboscopic visualization. The project achieved uniform droplet sizes for multiple liquids of different viscosities. Notably, this method demonstrated the creation of Dippin Dots-like confections at a STEM fair, engaging learners in the principles of physics and engineering. Future work will focus on the original goal of utilizing acoustics for droplet formation, aiming to refine the process and expand its industrial applicability.

Authors: Lauren Silvatti.. Mentors: Zoe Thompson. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) deficiency, stemming from a mutation in the Pomc gene, presents a myriad of health challenges, including extreme hyperphagia, early-onset obesity, and infertility. This study leverages a mouse model exhibiting Pomc-deficiency to delve into the root causes of infertility. While the correlation between obesity and fertility is well-established, our primary focus is to discern whether the POMC mutation independently contributes to reproductive challenges. Our investigation extends into the interplay of genetics, endocrinology, and obesity through data analysis using R, with an emphasis on deploying advanced statistical models.Video recordings of sexual behavior interactions have been analyzed manually, with independent observers marking each behavior. The frequency and duration of each behavior will be compared among three groups of pairings: wildtype-wildtype, heterozygote-heterozygote, and homozygous POMC-deficient mice. Techniques will include data cleaning, timestamp manipulation, and behavior categorization in R, a programming language commonly used for data analysis. To discern patterns and variations, our analysis will also employ statistical models such as linear mixed-effects models. We can account for potential confounding variables and significant differences in durations of previously identified important reproductive behaviors. Visualization tools, including box plots and violin plots, will provide an initial glimpse into the distribution of behavior durations. Subsequently, we plan to conduct inferential statistics, employing techniques such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to assess the significance of differences across multiple groups. Our investigation extends beyond descriptive statistics, with a focus on predictive modeling. Regression analyses will explore potential relationships between behavior durations and reproductive success. Machine learning algorithms will be applied to uncover complex interactions within the dataset.The anticipated results promise not only a nuanced understanding of the interplay between Pomc mutations and reproductive challenges but also the identification of potential biomarkers or predictors of successful reproduction. This comprehensive statistical approach contributes significantly to the fields of genetics, endocrinology, and obesity research, offering a robust framework for future investigations into the intricate relationship between genotype and behavior.

Authors: Vy Dao, Devin Taylor, Danielle Taylor. Mentors: Devin Taylor, Danielle Taylor. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting about 60 million people worldwide (Chen et al., Poduri and Lowenstein, 2011). Currently in the field, there are various methods being used for mechanical seizure induction using Drosophila melanogaster. This variability makes it difficult to compare findings from different research studies. We employed various mechanical seizure induction techniques currently used in Drosophila epilepsy research. We focused on both group testing as well as individual testing using different anesthesia parameters. For individual testing, epileptiform activity and locomotor activity were recorded in adult male Drosophila through mechanical seizure induction using a vortex assay at either 24-hours post- or 1-hour post-CO2 anesthesia. We also evaluated the time for 50% of adult drosophila recovery as indicated by a group climbing assay (10 flies per group) following mechanical seizure induction using a vortex assay at either 24-hours post- or 1-hour post-CO2 anesthesia. Finally, for each of the above testing parameters, we not only tested wild-type (WT) flies, but also multiple positive control seizure phenotype flies commonly used in mechanical seizure induction studies using Drosophila melanogaster. We found significant effects in both CO2 induction methods as well as in different genetically induced seizure phenotypes.

Authors: Gregory Skinner. Mentors: Yi Yin. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Materialism and consumerism have been linked to higher levels of loneliness, an increased focus on extrinsic goals, various social challenges, and lower overall well-being of individuals (Fumagalli et al., 2022; Pieters, 2013). Previous research has linked people with higher levels of consumeristic/materialistic values to a lower frequency of intrinsic and pro-social pursuits (Nurhajayanti, 2019; Sheldon & Kasser, 2018). The area of discussion has primarily often looked at relationships and societal-level challenges separately and has a limited assessment of platonic personal relationships. This study adds to this discussion by addressing the gap in more friendship-oriented relationships, looking at how the same set of individuals are affected in both personal and societal connections, as well as seeing how various individual factors, such as religious affiliation and socio-economic class may impact these effects. This research will use mixed research methods, including surveys and in-depth interviews, to see how individual attitudes toward consumerism relate to their behavior and values toward their immediate social circle and larger communities. The samples were gathered from among the United States population and were collected at random through the use of online collection methods. The participants were contacted through the use of snowball sampling as well as the use of online platforms which include SurveySwap and SurveyCircle to acquire representative samples. The survey data will be examined through the use of multiple regression analysis. The interview data will be reviewed through thematic analysis. The addition of this study will increase our understanding of not only how consumerism and materialism affect the individual’s well-being but also their capacity to meaningfully connect with their various communities.

Authors: Sage Wettstein, Kaicee Postler, Rachel Arocho, Julie Nelson. Mentors: Kaicee Postler. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Research has shown the efficacy of improving and strengthening family relationships through family life education programs (FLE; Darling, et al., 2019). The Stronger Families Project (SFP) at Utah Valley University (UVU) is a FLE program offered to the community to provide skills regarding communication, problem solving, conflict resolution, and general family function (Stronger Families Project, 2023). The current study aims to identify qualitative themes of satisfaction among participants from SFP across three semesters, including Fall 2022, Spring 2023, and Fall 2023. Qualitative data has been taken from satisfaction surveys administered in the final session of the program to determine the elements of the SFP program that have the most positive effects on families. Thematic analysis will allow for comprehension of the data in an aggregate form, with specific quotes to support identified themes. Implications for future research and practice will be discussed based on identified themes.

Authors: Alexa Bailey, Sophie Daines, Joshua Bennett, Carlos Moreno, Scott Weber. Mentors: Scott Weber. Insitution: Brigham Young University. As the understanding of cancer pathophysiology continues to increase, there is an increased focus on the role of T cells in targeting cancerous cells and tumor sites. Recently, it was demonstrated that CD5, a transmembrane glycoprotein found on T cells, plays a key role in negatively regulating T cell activity. CD5 also significantly impacts T cell metabolic profiles by increasing oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR). We are now investigating the role of CD6, a related membrane protein found on T cells, and its effect on regulating T cell proliferation and metabolism by measuring the proliferation rates and metabolic profile of T cells from a CD5/CD6 double knockout murine model. Because tumor microenvironments are vitally important in determining the immune system’s response to cancer, differences in metabolism may yield new insights for developing immunotherapy techniques.

Authors: Benjamin VanDreew. Mentors: Kal Munis. Insitution: Utah Valley University. America as we know it today is politically very polarizing, divided, and full of misinformation. In this climate, buzzwords have become as prominent as ever either being spouted by politicians or news outlets or even trickling out to the public. In 2023 the word “woke” became a popular buzzword and is used in all sorts of contexts. So much so that in a lot of ways “woke” has lost any of its original meaning that was trying to be conveyed. In this study, I am out to discover what “woke” really means to Americans from all different walks of life. We have set up a conjoint list experiment that will be sent out in the form of a survey featuring randomized options. We will be able to get a better look at what aspects of American life people feel are the most “woke” and help define what the buzzword really means. This research will give us a deeper look into modern American culture and help provide clarity to this polarizing subject.

Authors: Travis Christensen, Geoff Zahn, Alma Laney. Mentors: Alma Laney. Insitution: Utah Valley University. In July 2022, green cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) were observed with severe viral symptoms in a local community garden in Utah County. These plants were observed to be covered with cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae). Symptoms observed on the cabbage plants included yellowing, necrotic lesions, and brittle necrosis of the leaves. These symptoms have been found to be transmissible by the cabbage aphid to broccoli, cabbage, and kale, although symptoms are delayed in kale. Work is being done to find other transmissible plants within the brassica family. Sequencing of RNA yielded no results, however, amplification of viral DNA via rolling circle amplification (RCA) has yielded positive results. A sample obtained through maintenance of the virus and cabbage aphid is currently being subjected to RNAseq using the NovaSeq Illumina platform. Through several virological methods we are able to conclude the presence of a putative geminivirus transmissible through cabbage aphid in our affected plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an aphid-transmissible DNA virus of brassicas in Utah. Further work is being done to further identify, classify, and build the genome of this specific virus using Illumina sequencing.

Authors: Ezra Wylie, Merrill Halling. Mentors: Merrill Halling. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Various parts of Cercocarpus ledifolius, or curled leaf mountain mahogany, was used for medicinal purposes by Native Americans for a wide variety of uses including tuberculosis, syphilitic sores, and venereal diseases. Symbiotic microorganisms, called endophytes, often produce these compounds for defense of the tree. Novel compounds have been found in plants which have demonstrated antibiotic, antifungal, or other biological activities. Endophytes were grown from various parts of the tree, including roots, stems, branches, and leaves. The bioactive compounds were isolated and identified using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.

Authors: Emily Cherrington, Sam S Ingram, Chloe E Loveland, Ryanne Welch. Mentors: Olga Kopp. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Ocimum basilicum, commonly known as Genovese basil, is a frequently grown herb in the Lamiaceae family. It is used in food cuisines around the globe and is easily grown as a fresh-market herb for restaurants, farmer’s markets, and grocery stores. Basil has many antioxidants and anti-bacterial properties, but it is most commonly used as a culinary ingredient to add flavor to various dishes. Basil is very sensitive to cold, requiring well-draining soil with temperatures of 18°C to 27°C for germination. Consistent soil moisture is also necessary for optimum growth, and it prefers to stay moist to keep from drying out. In the face of global climate change, it becomes imperative to determine the adaptability of crucial agricultural crops -like basil- to varying nutrient levels in different substrate types across diverse environmental conditions. A plant's capacity to thrive in distinct substrates is intrinsically linked to the unique requirements of its seeds. The choice of substrate serves as the foundational element for cultivating healthy plants. This study centers on examining three pivotal aspects related to substrates: moisture retention, nutrient accessibility, and fungal growth. This led us to question whether the germination success of Ocimum basilicum differs depending on the substrate type. To test this question, we will plant Genovese basil seeds in four distinct substrate types: standard germination mix, 80/20 peat-perlite blend, compost-enriched soil, and an agar medium. Following their placement in the respective substrates, all seeds will be grown in a controlled growth chamber, subject to identical lighting conditions and a consistent temperature of 22°C to ensure uniformity across all treatments. At intervals of 1-2 days, diligent observations will be made to detect signs of germination. Once germination becomes apparent, we will meticulously document the results. Subsequently, this collected data will undergo analysis using the R Language. We anticipate that substrates rich in nutrients (specifically agar and standard germination mix) will exhibit heightened germination success. Investigating how substrate type affects the germination success of Genovese basil offers valuable insights with broad applications in horticulture and agriculture. It can enhance agricultural practices by pinpointing optimal soil choices for specific crops, increasing substrate efficiency to minimize resource wastage, and promoting sustainable and economical cultivation methods. Furthermore, this research contributes to a deeper comprehension of the environmental ramifications of crops and the diversity of crops in both controlled laboratory settings and natural environments.

Authors: Noah Christensen, Matt Olson. Mentors: Matt Olson. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Geologic maps serve as a valuable tool with diverse applications, one of which is resource exploration. Understanding available resources in America is beneficial for enhancing energy security, environmental sustainability, and economic growth. As political discourse rises, it is crucial to address national security concerns and head towards short- and long-term goals of energy independence. Traditional geologic mapping is characterized by time-intensive and high-cost fieldwork, but through multispectral and hyperspectral remotely sensed imagery it is possible to instantly map extensive areas using unique absorption patterns of minerals in the reflected spectral signature of the electromagnetic spectrum. This study explores an intercomparison of mineral mapping using Hyperion (EO-1), ASTER, and AVIRIS imagery in the Marysvale Volcanic Field, Utah. The satellites and high-altitude aircraft were chosen due to their varying number of spectral channels, spectral ranges, and spatial resolutions, allowing for a cross-analysis of their strengths, weaknesses, and overall capabilities. While previous studies have utilized AVIRIS and ASTER imagery within the Marysvale Volcanic Field, no prior research has explored a comparison of mineralogical maps using these sensors at a specific location. All analysis will be conducted through open-source applications to promote accessibility in future research and reproducibility of image generation through the sharing of R code. This research will enhance our comprehension of the necessary spectral and spatial resolutions for generating accurate mineral identification. Published geologic maps and in-situ field samples were used to validate the generated maps. We expect to find one of two outcomes: a strong contrast in classified mineralogy depending on the image source used, pointing towards a need for higher spatial and spectral resolutions to achieve accurate mapping, or minimal variation in classification, indicative of an unnecessary number of spectral bands. Developing accurate and accessible mineral mapping tools may be the next step in strengthening our knowledge of resource availability, without the need for rigorous traditional mapping methods.

Authors: Austen Miller, Josh Leon, Geoffrey Zahn. Mentors: Geoffrey Zahn. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The Pando aspen grove in Central Utah is a remarkable organism comprising a clonal colony of Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) in Fishlake National Forest. While Pando has garnered plenty of attention, the role of the fungal microbiome within this clonal system remains relatively uncharted. This research project delves into the endophytic and epiphytic fungal communities inhabiting the leaves of this giant single organism. The clonal nature of Pando means that plant genotype is consistent across a broad area, allowing us to test hypotheses about how plant-associated fungi disperse and associate with their hosts. In particular, we are testing whether proximity to a forest edge affects foliar fungal community structure. This research will enhance our understanding of how forest patch size and location contribute to plant-fungus community formation. These findings may also have implications with the potential to affect the health and resilience of this aspen clonal colony, which could in turn inform conservation strategies and forest management in the face of environmental challenges and the shifting ranges of aspens and fungal symbionts.

Authors: Emmaline M Saunders, Michael A Stearns, Ami Ward. Mentors: Michael Stearns. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (TIS), Sierra Nevada, California, accumulated magmatic rock from 95 to 85 Ma. Ar-Ar biotite dates require that temperatures within the TIS remained above ~300°C until ~79 million years ago. The protracted thermal history resulted in five texturally and chemically distinct units that young towards the center and was recorded by chemical and isotopic re-equilibration of the minerals. Challener and Glazner (2017) demonstrated that amphibole phenocrysts from the Half Dome Granodiorite (Khd) experienced greenschist-facies metamorphism. Amphibole phenocrysts host abundant inclusions of biotite, chlorite, feldspar, titanite, epidote, and apatite, which are interpreted to have crystallized via breakdown of magnesiohornblende. Additionally, Al zoning suggests fracturing and subsequent healing of the amphibole crystals occurred at near- or subsolidus temperatures. New EPMA and LASS-ICP-MS analyses of texturally related amphibole, titanite, feldspar, and biotite from the equigranular Khd place limits on the timing of amphibole breakdown and contextualize the low-temperature re-equilibration of many of the major minerals in the rock. Most of the amphiboles analyzed contain 0.5–6 wt. % Al2O3 corresponding to actinolite compositions, while feldspar pairs record ~475 ºC apparent temperatures. Titanite grains (re)crystallized between 91–80 Ma and contain 25–825 ppm Zr, which correspond to apparent temperatures between 550–710 ºC (150 ± 50 MPa, aTiO2 = 0.5 ± 0.1). The distribution of Zr in titanites is bimodal with the majority having <200 ppm Zr. Titanites younger than 87 Ma have decreasing Zr content and titanites included within actinolite amphibole contain the lowest Zr content (25–50 ppm) and youngest dates (85–80 Ma). Melt-present crystallization of titanite began at ~91–90 Ma, followed by both near and subsolidus (re)crystallization from ~88–86, concluding with titanite growth via hornblende breakdown from 82–80 Ma. These data taken together with previous investigations provide a continuous record of the rock’s chemical evolution driven by incremental emplacement and subsequent episodic autometamorphism of the equigranular Khd, and critically, any inferences regarding magmatic processes in the TIS must first account for the metamorphic re-equilibration of the rock.

Authors: Arahi Perdomo, Brooklyn Moore, Erin Kerr, Hula Santiago, Kylie Kay, Sarahi Joyner. Mentors: Krista Ruggles. Insitution: Utah Valley University. This research initiative centers on the experiences and learning outcomes of preservice teachers (PSTs) from Utah Valley University who volunteer to teach in the San Juan School District (SJSD) and the Navajo Nation. Our primary aim is to understand how this cross-cultural teaching experience shapes their future teaching practices, perspectives on diversity, and inclusion in education.Preservice teachers play a critical role in the future of education This study examines how their participation in a unique cultural context can enhance their preparedness as educators. By engaging in volunteer teaching assignments within the Navajo Nation, these students gain exposure to diverse cultural backgrounds; fostering cultural awareness and sensitivity.We seek to show the transformative impact of this experience on their personal and professional growth. Through interviews and observations, we will explore the challenges and opportunities faced by preservice teachers and how this experience influences their teaching philosophies and aspirations.Our ultimate goal is to determine how such immersive experiences can contribute to the development of culturally responsive pedagogy. We believe that these preservice teachers, with their enriched perspectives, can become advocates for diversity and inclusion not only within their classrooms but also within the broader educational landscape and society.This research holds the potential to inform teacher education programs and policy discussions regarding the value of cross-cultural experiences in teacher preparation. By shedding light on the impact of volunteer teaching in the Navajo Nation, we hope to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on fostering more inclusive and culturally aware educators, ultimately benefiting students and society as a whole.

Authors: Cate Miller, Tyler Free, Brad Bundy. Mentors: Brad Bundy. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Diagnostics are an essential tool in the treatment path for many different types of cancer. They are used to determine the progression of cancer treatment and are critical to increase survival rates. The most common diagnostics are often too expensive or sophisticated to be used on a widespread scale. Using a cell-free protein synthesis system to create a biosensor as a diagnostic can drastically decrease costs, increase convenience, and increase survival rates. We previously engineered low-cost CFPS systems to detect glutamine which would be useful for low-cost biosensing of clinically relevant glutamine concentrations. This work reports our progress in optimizing the CFPS glutamine biosensor for improved performance.

Authors: Riley B. Jackson, Iris Cepeda. Mentors: Michael C Rotter, Kiara Whitley. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Roses (Rosa spp.) are beloved ornamental plants known for their flowers and for their formidable prickles, often referred to as thorns. These prickles are an important part of herbivore resistance in these plants. These mechanical defense structures can vary in shape and abundance and are found along the length of the stems and even the underside of leaves. Although the mere presence of these prickles can cause damage to potential herbivores they also may act as vectors for infectious microbes. Previous studies have shown that other piercing physical defense structures can harbor infectious bacteria, sometimes resulting in conditions such as gangrene, anthrax poisoning, or septic arthritis. This raises the question about their potential implications for human safety particularly when these plants grow in areas of high human use. While roses have similar sharp structures, it is currently unknown if they harbor any pathogenic or defensive bacteria. Our study explores and whether local roses (both native and non-native) have similar or distinct microbiomes and if they possess pathogenic microbes. Understanding these differences would enable us to shed light on ecological relationships between microbes and native versus non-native plants and health risks associated with rose prickle injuries.

Authors: Olivia Frary, Carl Hjelmen. Mentors: Carl Hjelmen. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Previous work has shown that there are significant differences in lifespan between sexes of the same species. Whether it is an XY or ZW system, the heterogametic sex dies earlier. There are thought to be many factors that contribute to the difference in lifespan between the sexes. This research aims to investigate this relationship further by digging deeper into the degree of differences between the heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We want to determine whether the degree of differentiation correlates with the lifespan differences in species. The comparison of total genome size between the sexes of multiple species are used to find the difference in the size of their sex chromosomes, which is then compared to longevity data on the species to determine a relationship. This genome size data comes from publicly available databases and literature. These comparisons are made using comparative phylogenetic methods in order to account for evolutionary relatedness utilizing a newly constructed phylogenetic tree. All analyses are completed in R and include PGLS (Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares) and measures of phylogenetic signal (Pagel’s lambda, Blomberg’s K). We will discuss the results of the comparative phylogenetic analyses and any patterns seen regarding longevity.

Authors: Garrett Johnson, Tyler Free, Brad Bundy. Mentors: Brad Bundy. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer. Asparaginase treatment has greatly improved survival rates to 80%. Survival rates increase by an additional 10% when diagnostic treatment monitoring is used to guide treatment administration. Cell-free protein synthesis is a technology capable of detecting Asparaginase in human serum. However, RNases from human samples destroy CFPS activity. RNase inhibitor can be produced at a low cost by the CFPS system to rescue in-vitro protein synthesis activity to enable biosensing. This work reports our work toward developing an at home Asparaginase diagnostic that would enable personalized dosing of Asparaginase and further improve survival rates of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Authors: Brandon Barlow, Ethan Reese, Victoria Vazquez, Abbi Stark, Monica Sanchez, Alex Wilson, Rain Evans, Josef Becker, Amy Chevrier, James Taylor. Mentors: James Taylor. Insitution: Utah Valley University. This study focuses on memory and learning observed in Madasgascar Hissing Cockroaches (MHC). Research on insects can be used to inform our understanding of behavior and cognitive processes and add to our existing knowledge about the studied species. While there is existing literature focused on memory and learning in many insects, cockroaches are often chosen as a model due to their adaptability, resilience, and availability. Little research on MHC currently exists, especially in regard to memory and learning or drug seeking behaviors. This study uses a mixed model design, looking at arm choice percentages and latency to choose, between the control and experimental groups and comparing trials for each subject. In earlier trials, MHC demonstrated behavior that indicated they had learned not to fear light, a naturally aversive stimulus for cockroaches. Building on data collected in earlier trials, we developed a new protocol to evaluate the MHC associative learning behaviors and to test drug-seeking as a motivated behavior. Subjects are individually tested in a T-shaped apparatus in which they have to choose an arm to go into or are timed out. Each arm has a specific reward, either a sucrose and ethanol solution (experimental group) or plain sucrose solution (control group) in the left arm, and plain sucrose solution (experimental group) or water (control group) in the right arm. Each subject is run 2 days (6 trials per day) in these conditions, and then 3 days with the left arm lengthened to test if the subjects will seek their preferred reward even if it requires traveling a greater distance.

Authors: Benjamin Holt. Mentors: York Young. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Our research group aims to create an optical system which generates tunable longwave infrared (LWIR) light as a tool for early detection of disease-indicating molecules in human tissue. This system begins with our newly constructed Nd:YVO4-type laser which generates between five and seven watts of continuous wave optical power in the near IR spectrum. This laser light will be used to drive the subsystem responsible for generating LWIR light: an optical parametric oscillator. In order for wavelength conversion to occur via a non-linear process, the near IR laser power serving as an optical drive must have an intensity on the order of tens of MW/cm2. To achieve such intensities the laser power must be concentrated into high intensity nanosecond length pulses by Q-switching the laser. Our method of Q-switching the Nd:YVO4 laser will be via an acousto-optic modulator in the laser cavity. My work to design the modulator’s kinematic mount, cooling system, and RF driver (as well as characterizing the performance of the modulator for use as a laser Q-switch) is described in this presentation.

Authors: Juan Palencia, Tanner Probst, Clair Yeaman. Mentors: Machiel Van Frankenhuijsen. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Abstract: The ABC conjecture is an unsolved problem in mathematics first formulated by Joseph Oesterlé and David Masser. The conjecture attempts to show an analogy between polynomials and integers. This insight arises from the Stothers-Mason Theorem (also known as Mason’s Theorem). The theorem states that the maximum degree of a polynomial is always equal to or less than the number of distinct roots minus one. The ABC conjecture attempts to bridge this analogy by defining the height as the maximum algebraic number in the sum a + b = c where a, b and c are relatively prime. Masser and Oesterle define the radical as the sum of log p where p divides abc. Mason’s theorem states that the height is less than the radical minus one. It turns out that this is not true for the integers. Thus Masser and Oesterle formulated a conjecture which may be true. Over the past decades, this inequality has been strengthened and reformulated. Shinichi Mochizuki has recently published what he claims to be a proof of the conjecture, but many mathematicians are currently still working to understand it. The aim of our research is to better understand the height and radical in the ABC conjecture. In addition, we intend to explore the possibilities of expanding the Stothers-Mason Theorem. Since the ABC conjecture is concerned with an analogy between commutative rings (integers and polynomials), we are interested in seeing whether Mason’s Theorem for polynomials also holds for non-commutative rings, such as matrix rings and the ring of quaternions. In addition, we intend to explore the connection between the factorization of polynomials and finite Abelian groups.

Authors: Samantha Curnow, Carl Hjelmen. Mentors: Carl Hjelmen. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The genome sizes of insects vary immensely; some insects have only 100 million base pairs, while others reach nearly 18 billion base pairs. Many selective pressures can have an influence on genomes, but we still lack a clear understanding of which selective pressures cause such variation in genome size even within well-studied groups. To determine the influence of environmental factors on this variation, we investigate the relationship between genome size and the average natural environment of 152 Drosophila species. The nature of the relationship between genome size and environmental factors is investigated using phylogenetic models and linear analyses such as phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis. We collected data from peer-reviewed papers and publicly available datasets, such as karyotype.org and WorldClim, to compare the genome size of each species to the temperature, altitude, humidity, etc. of their natural environments using linear phylogenetic models. The distribution of these species was also visualized using geographic and biological analysis packages in R, such as geodata, to extract environmental data of specified regions, and phytools in combination with caper to run phylogenetic comparative analyses.

Authors: Roshan Abraham, Parker Jorgenson. Mentors: Daren Nelson. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Hobble Creek is an essential and valuable stream that the City of Springville and other local entities utilize for their water supply. However, the stream is also vital to the local environment and ecosystem since it one of the main streams that the June Sucker (an endangered endemic fish) spawn in each year. Numerous environmental projects and studies have been done in the lower section of Hobble Creek due to this importance. There are many springs in the region that provide water to the stream but there is a lack of consistent monitoring of the flow throughout the stream to determine how the stream is interacting with groundwater sources. Groundwater models completed by the United States Geological Survey in 2005 for the Utah Lake Watershed suggest locations where groundwater interactions should be either discharging or recharging the local aquifer. However, more recent data has suggested that many of these water interaction maps created by the USGS model are inaccurate. Using a water budget analysis, streamflow in the creek is being measured at 10 sites throughout the Hobble Creek Watershed to determine how the flow in the creek changes as it flows towards Utah Lake. Data gathered from this and previous studies show the zones of discharge and recharge shift seasonally and are not as consistent as the USGS model suggests. Recent data does confirm that Hobble Creek is gaining flow upstream and losing flow downstream, but there are portions of the river that also may be perched (do not interact with the groundwater). Further measurements and continued site investigation will be necessary to help us better manage this vital water resource.

Authors: Feyan Hoffman, Roshan Abraham, Christine Fowles, Abi Conger, Scott Jenson. Mentors: Daren Nelson. Insitution: Utah Valley University. One of the least understood part of our local water budget is the interaction of groundwater into our lakes and streams. Groundwater models completed by the United States Geological Survey in 2005 for the Utah Lake Watershed suggest zones where groundwater interactions should be either discharging or recharging into our local streams, wetlands, and other water bodies. However, more recent data has suggested that many of these water interaction maps created by the model are inaccurate, and we need a better understanding of how groundwater interacts with these water bodies. Using a water budget analysis, groundwater and surface water interactions are measured by collecting discharge measurements using flow meters at different cross sections along the Provo River and its tributaries. A gaining or losing stream may swap depending on seasonal changes, such as a particular water year being dry or wet–a stream that is typically gaining may be recharging the aquifer during a dry year. The USGS model is a good basic representation of interactions between groundwater and surface water. Our data suggests that due to highly variable water levels of Utah Lake and local groundwater levels, some discharge and recharge zones in the Provo River subbasin are likely to change over time. In addition, some sections of the river may be perched and not interact with the groundwater system at all. In order for us to better manage these important resources, further analysis of flow behaviors in the Provo River and its tributaries need to be completed. This study is part of a larger study that includes adding two new permanent flow gauging stations to provide a long term record that will enable water managers to better decipher why the groundwater and surface interactions are not fitting the USGS model.

Authors: Fatoumata N'diaye, Kevin Shurtleff. Mentors: Kevin Shurtleff. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The use of solar energy for water purification purposes has proven to be an efficient tool with promising results which could help tackle the issue of water scarcity in developing regions of the world. The low-cost, solar water purification system built previously will be improved through increasing thermal conduction, enhancement of the water flow uniformity, strengthening of the piping system, increasing airflow inside the water purification system, and thus maximizing the clean water production rate. We used aluminum foil as the condensation surface with silicone caulk as a binding agent between the materials. We used ultra-violet resistant greenhouse plastic film to protect the purifier overall from sunlight damage. We measured the incident solar irradiance, airflow inside the purifier, temperature of the evaporation side, temperature of the condensation side, ambient temperature outside, conductivity of the dirty and clean water, and clean water quality/taste. Finally, we compared this data to previously collected data.

Authors: Euiyoung Kim, Bonnie Anderson. Mentors: Bonnie Anderson. Insitution: Utah Valley University. A thermoacoustic engine is designed to transfer heat energy into sound energy. Heat engines have a hot side (hot heat exchanger) and a cold side (cold heat exchanger) and use part of the heat flowing between them to do work. The engine in this study is shaped like a bottle with copper wire mesh heat exchangers in the neck. A heating element wrapped around the top of the neck supplies heat to the hot side and the base of the bottle is made of aluminum to keep the cold side at room temperature. When the temperature on the hot side reaches a threshold the sound wave is created. The heat goes from the mesh of the hot side into the “stack” (steel wool, in this case) and down to the cold mesh. The motion of air as it picks up and drops off heat along the stack excites the engine into one of its resonant frequencies. Different mesh configurations of the heat exchangers were tested to determine the impact on the acoustic properties of the engine. Principal Component Analysis was used to determine which parameters of the mesh affected the acoustic pressure the most. The outcomes of this research not only contribute to the emerging field of thermoacoustics but also provide valuable knowledge for the development of thermal sensors and electric energy in remote locations.

Authors: Silvi Rouskin, Matthew Allan, Dragui Salazar. Mentors: Merrill Halling. Insitution: Utah Valley University. A 3’ untranslated region (UTR) is a non-coding region between the stop codon and the 3’ end of an mRNA. 3’ UTR can regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by influencing mRNA stability, translation, and localization. They fold into complex structures that contain elements and binding sites that interact with various molecules, including proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs). Despite the recognized importance of 3’ UTRs and their structural features, the vast majority of their structures in humans remain unknown. Indeed, the structures of long RNAs in general have been difficult to solve due to their heterogeneity and to the paucity of known, ground-truth RNA structures for training and validating models. This project aims to circumvent these limitations by characterizing the structures of 3,000 to 4,000 human 3’ UTRs. The project can be simply described as follows. The cDNA is received and prepared for PCR with the needed primers. After the PCR, genetic material is transcribed into RNA where dimethyl sulfate mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MapSeq) will be introduced. After this, it is reverse transcribed and prepared for sequencing. The project implements thousands of primers to facilitate the comprehensive identification of genes. The vast dataset of structure profiles will be used to develop an advanced machine learning algorithm to predict first the DMS-MapSeq results and eventually the structure of an RNA solely from its sequence. The preliminary results show that it is possible to determine hundreds, even thousands of 3’ UTR structures using DMS-MapSeq and the creating an accurate image of such structure. These results also contain druggable pockets that can be used in RNA based therapeutics in a near future.

Authors: Tyler O'Loughlin, Tyler Daynes, Erik Prazak. Mentors: Dustin Shipp. Insitution: Utah Valley University. In the realm of photon interactions with surfaces, the reflection and refraction of light depend significantly on the micro and macrostructures of the surfaces. Despite the use of various methods to attenuate light, their effectiveness remains a subject of interest. In this study, we delve into the properties that render super-black coatings, such as Vantablack, exceptionally dark compared to coatings with distinct surface characteristics but significantly altered amplitudes of reflected intensity. Our research focuses on understanding the optical properties of Vantablack; in particular, we investigate the role of the carbon nanotube microstructure in achieving its unique light-absorbing properties. Through a comprehensive analysis of our samples, we have uncovered that the carbon nanotube microstructure of Vantablack contributes to its remarkably low reflective intensity and exceptional absorption across all wavelengths of light. Notably, Vantablack displays such a high optical density that even at Brewster's angle, a reflection is virtually undetectable. This research sheds light on the intriguing properties of Vantablack and has implications for a wide range of applications where light absorption and reflection play a critical role.

Authors: Jaylee Montague, Skylar Belka, Gabe Espinoza, Geoff Zahn, Alma Laney. Mentors: Alma Laney. Insitution: Utah Valley University. In May of 2022, a several unidentified trees on Utah Valley University (UVU) campus property exhibited severe virus-like symptoms including: mosaic patterning; yellowing, curling, deformed leaves; and flaking bark. Due to the presence of unidentified aphids and after a literature search, we began investigating the sample for a +ssRNA virus. Extensive testing and RNA sequencing using the MinION v9.4.1 and the cDNA PCR Barcoding kit revealed that neither a ssRNA nor a dsRNA virus were present in the samples, thus, it was suspected that a DNA virus could be the cause. We utilized Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) on extracted DNA. Following the RCA, gel electrophoresis revealed a strong amplicon larger than 10 kb, suggesting the presence of a DNA virus. Sequencing of the viral genome from the RCA product using the MinION vs10.4.1 chip showed that the mulberry did contain baculoviruses and large DNA viruses. Unfortunately, though, the MinION did not get results for DNA plant viruses, so we sent samples for RNAseq on the Illumina NovaSeq, with results still pending. This is significant since it is likely that the other symptomatic plants near these trees—including redbud and spirea—were infected with the same virus due to RCA amplification in those samples and the presence of the same potential aphid vector. Mechanical inoculations to several herbaceous hosts were done using infected spirea tissue. Furthermore, to our knowledge this is the first report of a DNA virus infecting spirea and redbud in the United States.

Authors: Kaycie A Melville, Ashley N Egan, Yu Ya Liang. Mentors: Ashley N. Egan. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) and P. lunatus (lima bean) provide protein and nutrition for millions of people across the globe. Native to the New World, these cultivated species present unique histories of multiple and independent domestications in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Brazil is the leading producer globally of these beans. With both wild and cultivated landraces present, Brazil may act as a secondary center of domestication for these two economically significant leguminous crops. Brazil's indigenous populations’ cultivation efforts may include both wild and cultivated germplasm, potentially contributing to the continued domestication of these crops to create novel shapes, sizes, and colors that are grown and hand-selected by the natives in these regions. To investigate Brazil as a secondary domestication center of beans, this research addresses several key questions: Are signals of past and current domestication processes discernible in current Brazilian cultivars of these species? Can we unravel the relationships between these Brazilian crops and their primary centers of domestication? What genetic differences are underpinning domestication? How diverse are Brazilian cultivars? How do they relate to wild and related material and species? This work focuses on 48 accessions of P. lunatus and P. vulgaris from Brazil, including wild material and two accessions from two related species, P. polystachios and P. filiformis from North America. Whole genomes were resequenced using Illumina sequencing and compared against the published genome of Phaseolus vulgaris to identify SNPs in each accession. Whole chloroplast genomes were also assembled and compared. Phylogenetic analyses, network analyses, population structure, and tests for neutral and positively selected mutations were conducted, revealing distinct clades for both P. vulgaris and P. lunatus with clear links to their Andean and Mesoamerican origins. Genetic diversity was assessed both within (cultivated vs wild) and between P. vulgaris and P. lunatus, demonstrating significant variations, not only between species but also within each species, suggesting the influence of diverse selection pressures and local adaptation during the domestication process. McDonald-Kreitman tests analyze and locate possible domestication genes from the library of SNP’s between outgroups (Phaseolus filiformis and Phaseolus polystachios) and between species. Overall, this research advances our understanding of the intricate process of domestication in P. vulgaris and P. lunatus, highlighting potential ongoing domestication in Brazilian cultivars, unraveling their genetic relationships, and shedding light on the complex interplay of genes that underpin domestication and diversity. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of crop evolution and have practical implications for crop improvement and conservation.

Authors: Joshua Stubbs, Annette Lewis, Kendall Holcomb, Barbara Suassuna Schincariol. Mentors: Geoffery Zhan. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Does Greater Phylogenetic Distance Affect Competition Outcomes in Fungal Communities?Annette Lewis, Kendall Holcomb, Bárbara Suassuna Schincariol, Josh Stubbs, Geoffery Zahn PhDFungi play a critical role in decomposition, affecting nutrient cycling at a global scale. Saprotrophic fungi competitively decompose dead organic matter. However, the role of phylogenetic relatedness on interspecific competition in fungal communities has not received much attention. The theory of phylogenetic over-dispersion suggests that species within a community tend to be less related than expected by chance, therefore limiting competition due to functional redundancy. Similarly, Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis suggests that taxonomically distinct invaders might experience reduced competition and resistance. In this study, we chose three different saprotrophic fungal species with varying relatedness: Aspergillus niger and Fusarium keratoplasticum (from the same family), and Pleurotus ostreatus (from a different phylum). These species were chosen based on decomposition abilities and phylogenetic distances. These species were cultured and placed in seven combinations to assess their ability to decompose and compete as individual fungal populations and as combined communities (e.g., A, B, A+B, B+C, and A+B+C). Each species was placed near a sterilized piece of paper such that competition was evaluated by analyzing the paper coverage in Petri dishes over three weeks. Each Petri dish was analyzed individually based on the average percentage of paper covered and, within combined communities, the percentage of paper each species covered. Interactions between each species and the percentage of the paper covered was recorded for further analysis. Assessing paper coverage allows for the observation of any potential competitive inhibition of decomposition. We hypothesize that decomposing and competitive abilities would be the strongest with A. niger. Despite the fast growth rate of A. niger individually, preliminary results suggest that it was outcompeted when paired with other species. This research highlights the potential nuances in fungal community interactions influenced by phylogenetic relationships, shedding light on the principles of phylogenetic overdispersion and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis.

Authors: Anna Wilkinson, Feyan Hoffman, Roshan Abraham. Mentors: Daren Nelson. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Remote sensing technologies, involving drone and satellite imagery, have recently begun to be used in hydrologic research with various applications. The technology is relatively easy to obtain, is noninvasive, and helps minimize cost, access, and safety concerns related to the study of wetlands. The thermal and multispectral imagery can provide unique datasets that expand understanding into groundwater and surface water interactions. As part of this project, we are exploring remote sensing applications within the hydrology of wetlands surrounding Utah Lake, a large freshwater lake within Utah Valley. The project has involved the collection of thermal and multispectral drone imagery from 2021 to 2023. Thermal imagery collected in these areas has assisted in the determining of hot and cold spring locations and how these springs have shifted due to changes in groundwater levels and lake levels. In addition, this imagery has shown how physical anthropogenic influences have also impacted the location and stream channels associated with these springs. Multispectral imagery is used to understand the health of phreatophytes near the lake during dry and wet years to be used as an indicator for groundwater level changes. Even though much of the data is still preliminary and part of a long-term study these remote sensing technologies are already showing how these groundwater systems adapt to seasonal and anthropogenic changes.

Authors: Cole Statham, Katelyn Thomas. Mentors: Michael C Rotter. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Datura (Solanaceae) is a potent hallucinogenic genus of plants that has varied uses across cultures. Tropane alkaloids in these plants are potent compounds that, depending on dosage, can offer the user a psychoactive experience or cause severe reactions including death. For some, Datura is little more than an ornamental flower or an ideal source to have a psychedelic experience. While for others it is a sacred plant, used on special occasions, and only permitted to be handled by those who have been prepared and trained to do so. An explanation for these cultural differences could be that cultures with taboos surrounding this plant are likely those that have species of Datura with variable levels of tropane alkaloids, while cultures without taboos are likely to have species with consistent levels of tropane alkaloids. Here we focus on six species of Datura using literature reports of tropane alkaloid contents and compare the variability in these phytochemicals to cultural uses of these plants. We predict that societies with cultural taboos will be more likely to be those with species that have higher variability in tropane alkaloids.

Authors: Michaela Thackeray, Cicilee Petersen, Scott Wiltbank, Emma Newman, Enoch Thackeray. Mentors: Matt Draper. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Abstract: Unlocking Well-Being, Workplace Morale, and Employee Retention: A Tech Company’s Success Story This qualitative study, titled "Unlocking Well-Being, Workplace Morale, and Employee Retention: A Tech Company’s Success Story," explores the experiences of employees and leaders at a Utah-based tech company with an unusually low turnover rate. Motivated by the National Institute of Mental Health's call for workplace well-being focus and exacerbated mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, this research investigates the factors contributing to the company's low turnover and high employee satisfaction. The study employs a series of case studies to delve deeply into individual experiences, utilizing phenomenological methods to uncover and describe the depth and breadth of participants' experiences. The research question guiding the study is, “What experiences inform the mental health and well-being of employees and leaders at this low-turnover company individually and collectively?” Qualitative data collection involved interviews with executives, managers, and employees, facilitated through Microsoft Teams software or on-site at the company campus. The data was transcribed, blocked, and analyzed using Giorgi’s Phenomenological Method, a descriptive qualitative approach, supplemented by Nvivo 12 Plus or similar software for a broader thematic examination across participants. The study aims to provide insights into the workplace dynamics that contribute to employee well-being, satisfaction, and retention in the context of a successful tech company. We will present our findings by poster presentation and are open to presenting orally. Thank you for your consideration!

Authors: Logan Walker, Kate Coneys, Nick Tops, Russ Bailey. Mentors: Russ Bailey. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Background: Cultural humility is an influential concept in Multicultural Orientation therapeutic research (Owen et al, 2011). Cultural humility is defined as “a lifelong process of self-reflection and self-critique whereby the individual comes to value and respect cultural diversity, recognizes his or her own biases, and is open to learning from others" (Tervalon & Murray-Garcia, 1998, p. 117). Cultural humility practices attempt to address cultural differences in therapy. Therapy absent of cultural humility can run the risk of failing the needs of culturally diverse clients. Racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to experience premature termination (Owen et al., 2015). Premature termination is defined as when a client begins an intervention but discontinues prior to recovering from the problem that he or she sought treatment for against provider recommendations (Swift & Greenberg, 2012). Premature termination is a significant concern as those who do not complete an intervention are less likely to experience symptom relief or meet their treatment goals (Steinberg et al., 2019). hope to better understand the link between cultural humility and premature termination/treatment deterioration in therapy in college students. We hypothesize that lower therapist’s cultural humility will be associated with an increased likelihood to unilaterally terminate therapy prematurely or show treatment deterioration. Methods: Data was collected from students who participated in therapy at the Utah Valley University Student Health Services from 2021-2023. The sample size for this dataset is approximately 560 participants. We will use two different operationalizations of premature termination/treatment deterioration: 1. Clients who reported have attended therapy for at least 3 sessions, has at least 1 cultural humility datapoint, and reported feeling “worse than at intake” on an item of subjective progress during at the last attended session with no future sessions scheduled for at least 90 days. 2. Clients who scored worse or the same on well-being indictors (PHQ-9 and GAD-7) and reported feeling “the same as intake” or “worse as intake” on an item of subjective progress during the last attended session with no future sessions scheduled for at least 90 days.. Clients completed the Cultural Humility Scale (Hook, 2013) and microaggression items at the beginning of their 3rd session and then every 4 sessions (e.g., session 7, 11, etc.). Clients completed the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and subjective progress items at the beginning of every session. We will use logistic regression to see how cultural humility scores and microaggression frequency/impact predict premature termination/treatment deterioration. Results: Results from the analyses will be presented during the poster presentation Discussion: The results of the study will help us determine if therapist's cultural humility is related to client premature termination. If we find support for our hypothesis, this means that cultural humility is an important factor in therapeutic processes that has direct impact on the effectiveness for therapy interventions. However, rejecting our hypothesis may suggest that cultural humility is not an important aspect of premature termination. Limitations of this study include potential ceiling effects due to therapists striving to be cultural humble and thus limiting the variability in our sample.