Fine Arts

Authors: Abby Hoyal. Mentors: Kristen Arnold. Insitution: Weber State University. The United States is one of the most prominent locations involved in the exchange of children in human trafficking. There are very few outlets that take in recovered children help them receive the proper aftercare and help to gain an education to integrate them back into society. Research has shown that children learn most efficiently in spaces that are modular and flexible. In research conducted for habilitation centers for children, they discovered, “Planning flexibility and variability comfort children and parents, accessibility and emotionality for children visiting [these] centers.” (Kasper, Ilvitskaya, Petrova, Shulginova, 2019). It has also been found that learning levels are highest in spaces that allow the children to learn from their surroundings rather than by just the instruction alone. “An interior shall lead children to learn concepts from working with materials, rather than by direct instruction. [Interiors] should improve cognitive learning, promote independence, curiosity, decision-making, cooperation, persistence, creativity, and problem-solving.” (Manav, 2016). One of the key elements to properly educating children, as listed previously, is to promote independence. One of the ways that research has shown independence to be achieved through design is proper wayfinding elements should be implemented so that occupants do not have to rely on any other occupant to navigate the space. Researchers examined how different colors, light temperatures, and lighting brightness can provide a natural easiness to wayfinding for occupants. Results found, that “the use of cool colors and high brightness levels help people be spatially oriented.” (Hidayetoglu, Yildirim, Akalin, 2012). The Grove will be an Aftercare center that will provide refuge and educate child survivors of human trafficking in a modular environment that educates through the use of space and materials used, with an encouraging push for independence throughout the space due to proper wayfinding elements.

Authors: Hailey Packard. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. In the vast landscape of architectural mediums, the key to capturing clients' attention and ensuring a comprehensive grasp of a proposed project lies in the choice of rendering methods. This research endeavors to pinpoint the most effective communication medium through an experiment employing various rendering techniques. Four renderings of a single exterior façade will be crafted, each utilizing diverse media methodologies. To convert the renderings into quantifiable data an innovative approach involves subjecting the renderings to AI-driven algorithms, predicting where the human eye is drawn to in the images in the first 3-5 seconds superseding the influence of cognitive bias, and aiming to identify which of the images inherently captures the most attention. The research results will be examined and the significance of differences between rendering methods addressed. This research delves into the implications for architects, exploring how these findings may influence presentation strategies, considering potential impact of passing fads, taking into account the alignment of media style with architectural subject matter, and noting whether the experiment requires diverse architectural styles for optimal effectiveness. The current hypothesis regarding these results is that the images with contrast and hierarchy in the composition, such as watercolor renderings, will outperform the other methods. The overarching objective of this research project is to discern the most effective medium for capturing the client's attention when presenting architectural projects. Due to modern advancements that increase our access to an abundance of knowledge and techniques, architects and designers must make informed choices about how they present their ideas. By comparing these mediums and formats through these methods, this research will attempt to identify the most effective strategy for engaging clients and enhancing their comprehension of projects which will also aid in contributing to a clearer understanding of visual communication in the architectural field.

Authors: Desiree Ritchie. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Both music and classical architecture have a strong foundation in proportion. Further research shows that the same systems of proportions are found in both areas. Common chords found in music can be translated into proportions found in architecture. For example, the octave has the same proportion as a 2:1 ratio. While there is a clear relationship, the question remains: does understanding one help in understanding the other? Does understanding music make one a better architect? Can designers benefit from musical instruction? To answer these questions, a comparative survey was conducted asking participants to determine which visual proportion best matched the sound heard. These questions range from basic chords and rectangles to a more complex comparison of the Fibonacci sequence to the golden ratio. The survey also asks about participants' background in both music and architecture, as well as general demographic questions. The demographics of the current survey are limited to students and faculty attending BYU and Utah Valley University, but further studies will provide a more comprehensive result. To analyze the results, a comparison will be conducted on the percentage of individuals who were correctly able to recognize the same proportions visually and audibly. This will then be cross-examined with the demographics, comparing those who have a background in music and/or architecture to those who do not. The expected result is that those familiar with one of the previously mentioned fields will better recognize proportions in both music and architecture. If this is proven true, it will show that having a background knowledge in multiple fields will help to create a more well-rounded and capable individual. It will provide insight on how to become better in one’s chosen field.

Authors: Eric Burton. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Which approach creates more interesting and beautiful buildings: Those who utilize ‘form following function’, or ‘function following form’? When an architect designs only using form following function, the building can have an excess of the utilitarian, resulting in a building that is very useful but can suffer in its overall design aesthetic, lacking attention to beauty. When the opposite occurs, the building can be an incredible work of art, but perhaps suffer in its usage. For an architect to be successful, there needs to be a balance of both methods.In the field of architecture, many architects and designers follow the adage ‘form ever follows function’. While the purpose of this research project is not to discredit this philosophy, the goal is to prove that the other side of the architectural coin, so to speak, has value and that there are multiple philosophies to consider.The research methodology for this project was comparing the buildings of architects that utilize differing philosophies with various building types, and utilizing eye tracking software to help determine which philosophy is more engaging, and beautiful to the average person. The results show that function following form typically produces buildings that are considered more pleasing to the eye, when it comes to the building facades that are evaluated. Building with form in mind first will allow for the designs to better fit their perceived building typology. There is worth at looking into different perspectives. When one is approaching design, they should be willing to implement multiple methods to achieve the best version of their building. Function following form is one method that can help us attain a more beautiful building experience that will impact the world for generations to come.

Authors: Alexia Trapier. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. I am studying architectural column orders and how they are interpreted by the average person. I chose this because I want to learn how people are drawn to the orders when looking at them so I may better understand the orders themselves, and how the world perceives them without an in-depth knowledge or understanding of their composition. I will be doing a comparison of three column orders via eye-tracking software. These consist of the doric, ionic, and corinthian orders. First, I will use the eye-tracking software over an image of each column capital on its own, afterwards I will run it again with all three images side-by-side. This process will help us discover which column order is preferred by the human eye, and why. I believe by doing these two comparisons we will learn which column order will draw the eye of its viewers, and how in-depth someone might look at the detailing of the capitals. I anticipate that the corinthian order may draw the most attention due to the higher level of detailing this capital contains. As a designer it is important to learn and understand what the human experience and interaction is with a building's design. To understand what your viewers prefer and how it makes them feel is important in the world of architecture. An architect doesn’t design for themselves, they design for others of the world, and thus, it is important to understand why people enjoy a certain amount of detailing, or proportionality. Although I’ve sampled at a small scale, it shows that there’s room for expansion into other aspects of design. I hope that through this research we can better understand why the classical orders are important to have in the world of design today and how they impact design in our world today.

Authors: Bronwyn Brown. Mentors: Ben Felix. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Architectural Analytique of the Thomas S. Monson Center Building with the Scamozzi Order at University of Utah

Authors: Samuel Weisler, Colton Korpi, Josh Lythgoe. Mentors: Aliki Milioti. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The Venice Project addresses the challenge of blending contemporary buildings into the well-established urban environment of Venice, a city well known for its rich architectural heritage. In a city with canals in the place of streets, where motorboats and gondolas are the main mode of transportation, seasonal flooding at high tide continues to become a greater environmental concern. The research centers on the documentation and preservation of these valued characteristics through an analytical and interpretative research approach. The primary focus is on aspects such as perception, harmony of open and enclosed space, and the seamless integration into the urban and environmental fabric.The unique design constraints were taken head on in creating the one of a kind ‘Ca’Meriggiare’, a luxury hotel that enriches Venice’s heritage. In lieu of fighting against them, the design embraces the environmental challenges posed by the periodic flooding of the city and transforms them into an integral part of the design. For instance, the flooding is harnessed to create a charming, arcaded entrance exclusive to hotel guests arriving by boat, providing a unique entry sequence unphased by rising or falling water levels.The expected result of the research is a successful fusion of a contemporary hotel with the rich historical context of the city. The innovative design allowed the periodic flooding to become an integral part of the hotel that added a charm and uniqueness to the guest experience. Ca’Meriggiare stands as a testament to the harmonious integration of historical preservation with environmental adaption that honors Venice’s heritage. This luxury hotel case study offers a holistic perspective on theoretical and design considerations, emphasizing the importance of integration within the environmental dimensions. Rather than viewed as an isolated instance, it provides an overarching framework for innovation that will apply to the evolution of contemporary architecture.

Authors: Sean Donner. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. A building’s function has historically been tied to its form. We see this in civic buildings, schools, churches, and homes. Many of those recognizable forms were abandoned with the modernist movement in the early twentieth century. Are these new forms still related to their functionality and can average people perceive a building’s functionality based on its form. Learning the opinions of the general public will enhance the architect’s ability to design for the people who will live and work in and around the buildings they design.This study aims to answer those questions by means of an online survey. To gain a wider demographic of survey takers, the survey is largely spread through social media where I have access to a wide variety of people across the globe and of differing generations and backgrounds. The survey has two types of questions. The first presents two pictures of buildings and asks the survey taker to tell which holds a specific function. The second question type presents a single building and four choices of building function. In both question types, all signage or other markings of building type were digitally removed from the photographs. The survey includes fourteen architectural functions ranging from single family homes to State Capitols. Each category includes traditional and modern examples. This variety in style will help to analyze whether there is a difference in the general public’s ability to perceive a building’s function if the building is traditionally designed or if it takes a more modern approach in design. Although this survey is still active, the expected results are as follows: Traditional forms are generally more easily discernable than modern designs. Some building forms are equally recognizable regardless of form. The stand outs from this list are schools and stores/shoppes.

Authors: Jacob M Wendt. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. This research delves into the transformation of urbanization over the past century, triggered by the influence of modern architectural concepts, and the potential ramifications for mental health. The primary objective is to investigate the neurological effects of specific urban layouts, with a particular emphasis on safety, social interaction, and aesthetic appeal, to gain insight into the human mind's urban preferences. A survey will be designed to capture subjective preferences in which respondents choose one of two anonymous center streets that are subjectively safe and attractive. Participants will favor the traditional street layout over the contemporary one, suggesting a preference for design associated with enhanced safety, aesthetics, and social appeal, affirming the statement by Allen Jacobs that optimal streets have paramount desirability. In parallel, eye-tracking software is utilized to objectively analyze subconscious neurological responses to diverse urban layouts and elements, providing a more scientific perspective on human perceptions of urban environments by revealing more balanced heat maps, and signifying a focus on aesthetic elements and reduced attention to potential hazards. The combination of survey and eye-tracking data presents a comprehensive argument in favor of traditional urban planning principles and expected to underscore the prevalent preference for traditional urban designs over contemporary alternatives. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the enduring human desire for both safety and aesthetic beauty in urban environments. Anonymous survey data ranging from 50 to 100 participants, coupled with eye-tracking simulations indicating balanced heat maps, highlights the potential of traditional design to cultivate healthier and more harmonious communities. Future research may delve into physiological measures, such as heart rate monitoring, to further validate the stress-reducing benefits of traditional urban planning. The findings from this survey are expected to provide actionable insights that can inform urban planning decisions and strategies that foster improved mental wellness and community well-being.

Authors: Thomas Cryer, Brandon Ro. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. ABSTRACT: This study seeks to understand the visual elements of home design that attract the human eye. Specifically, it aims to compare the visual appeal of traditional homes to modern homes using eye-tracking software. However, this study focuses solely on visual analysis, leaving the exploration of emotional and cultural factors for future research. The purpose is to understand the neurological connections between architectural design and human preferences, shedding light on which elements make homes visually appealing. In the mid-20th century, the architectural landscape shifted towards modernism, characterized by functionalism and minimalism. However, recent research suggests neurological links to architectural preferences that challenge modern design's dominance. This study is relevant today as it explores why people are drawn to traditional homes, considering the current preferences of professional architects. This research contributes to the understanding of how architectural aesthetics impact individuals and communities and offering insights into the neurological aspects that influence architectural preferences. The methodology involves analyzing six homes, three traditional and three modern. The analysis will be conducted using 3M Visual Attention Software individually on each home by tracking participants' eye movements, and then given a numerical ranking of 1-6 based on their visual appeal. Subsequently, a comparative analysis will identify the most and least visually attractive homes. Anticipated results from the software suggest traditional homes will score higher due to the "character," or the details that the eye looks, which are missing in modern architecture. The discussion will explore the idea that contemporary homes, by incorporating traditional elements such as proportion, may achieve higher appeal and last for generations of homeowners. Contemporary designs can evolve into "traditional" homes by aligning with the preferences discovered. By understanding what elements people are naturally drawn to, architects can create more appealing and lasting designs, thereby bridging the gap between modern and traditional aesthetics.

Authors: Barrett Blake. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. This research project aims to explore the relationship between an individual's cultural and religious background and their perception of mosque architecture and experiences. Given the lack of understanding about the nature of mosques among non-Muslims, it is essential to investigate these perceptions to promote greater public awareness and interfaith understanding. The research methodology employs two approaches. First, it analyzes Nader Ardalan's work, "The Visual Language of Symbolic Form: A Preliminary Study of Mosque Architecture," to identify common architectural characteristics in mosques. This analysis is correlated with a survey to compare common elements of mosque architecture to respondents’ associations with the elements incorporated in mosque architecture. It is expected that the elements that most individuals associate with mosques are likely those that are most common. Second, an online survey assesses the influence of cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious backgrounds on individuals' perceptions of mosques. The survey covers familiarity with mosques, statements about mosque experiences, and demographics. Statements regarding mosque experiences are derived from Lindsay Jones’ book The Hermeneutics of Sacred Architecture: Experience, Interpretation, Comparison. Demographic questions include religion, ethnicity, and primary household language. Respondents are recruited through QR codes on the Utah Valley University campus, religious groups at universities, and online forums for diverse religious traditions. Responses from those who practice Islam are expected to align more closely than those from non-Islamic backgrounds. In summary, this research shows that some architectural features in mosques are likely to be universally recognized due to their commonality. It also highlights a strong connection between an individual's background and their understanding of Islam, mosque aesthetics, and expected mosque experiences. These findings can inform mosque design by promoting the use of recognizable architectural elements and can contribute to fostering interfaith awareness and understanding, ultimately supporting harmonious coexistence among diverse communities.

Authors: Annalicia Loveridge, Maren Daynes, Noah Guzman. Mentors: Donna Fairbanks. Insitution: Utah Valley University. This project includes the planning and execution of a Carnegie Hall performance featuring the Wolverine Piano Trio. Annalicia Loveridge, Noah Guzman, and Maren Daynes were the first-place winners of the 2023 American Protégé International Piano and Strings Competition in the College Students and Professional Musicians category. The performance will showcase the first movement of the Brahms Piano Trio No. 3.We will rehearse extensively leading up to the performance to ensure flawless execution of the selected piece. We aim to create an immersive musical experience for the audience, transporting them to a world of melody and harmony. The performance will be held in the Weill Recital Hall of Carnegie Hall, known for its remarkable acoustics and grandeur. Performers such as Lang Lang, Yo-Yo Ma, and Joshua Bell have all started their careers at Carnegie Hall. The Carnegie Hall performance is a milestone achievement for us as students and an opportunity to showcase our exceptional talent and passion for classical music to a global audience. It is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that promises to leave a lasting impression on us and bolster our professional goals.

Authors: Kevin Hart. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. Context, in the realm of contemporary architecture, holds a significant role. It encompasses the information that conveys an understanding of ideas, scenes, or objects. In a world marked by increasing individualism, the consideration of contextual elements in architectural design often takes a back seat. The Royal Ontario Museum serves as a notable case study. The addition of the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, contrasting with the traditional backdrop, has ignited debates regarding its compatibility with the existing context. This brings forth a critical question: How does altering the contextual surroundings impact people's perceptions?Furthermore, would the public's perceptions differ if the Crystal were the original building, with the traditional structure serving as the addition? This study delves into the role of contextual factors in shaping the architectural experience. Through a comprehensive survey featuring diverse architectural styles situated in various contexts, my aim is to discern preferences: whether individuals lean toward statement buildings or designs that naturally integrate with their surroundings. My research hypothesis suggests that people derive greater enjoyment from buildings that seamlessly integrate with their contextual environment.The implications of these findings are of significant value to architects and designers. They provide insights to facilitate informed design decisions that not only promote community cohesion but also elevate the public's appreciation of architectural structures.

Authors: Joseph Laudie. Mentors: Brandon Ro. Insitution: Utah Valley University. For an architect, choosing how simple and/or complex your designs are can be a difficult effort. It involves balancing various factors, including appearance, function, cost, time, context, etc. While one might state that a certain way is best, it can be difficult to know. For that purpose, this study will examine the question, “How does the perception of a space or structure change as it evolves from a simple to a more complex state?” The difference between these conditions may involve an increased presence of elements, such as motifs, ornaments, etc., gradually becoming more complex. These changes will be analyzed using eye-tracking software.In contemporary architecture, architects grapple with multifaceted considerations. They must combine the varied desires of clients, adapt to evolving technology's possibilities and constraints, prioritize sustainability and efficiency, adhere to budget limitations, stay attuned to cultural and aesthetic trends, meet functional programming requirements, and navigate site-specific constraints. All these factors influence the architect's decision-making process, guiding them toward either simplicity or complexity in their design approach.Because of the difficulty of this cumulative decision, the issue will be thoroughly examined to determine the true effect both simplistic and complex structures have on the everyday individual. This will be done by examining a single, 3-D-modeled room with progressively more complex states, involving more details such as windows, doors, and classical orders and elements. Photos of the respective conditions will be presented side by side and processed through eye-tracking software.It is expected that more complex spaces and conditions will draw attention more consistently. While the analyzed space will present varying states of detail, it is expected that the more complex and expressive setting will consistently demand attention. This conclusion will better inform future design decisions by architects to make spaces more appealing and conducive to the observer.

Authors: Morgan Watson. Mentors: Kristen Arnold. Insitution: Weber State University. In the United States, 1 child in every 26 seconds drops out of high school. Out of the 50 million children in America, that are school age, 15 million are unsupervised after school time. With children being at greatest risk between the hours of 3pm and 6pm, these statistics raise a huge red flag. This project’s purpose is to provide peace of mind to working parents, and success for children throughout their school experience and beyond. Research has proven that afterschool program environments are a successful tool used to positively shape and increase healthy behaviors and practices among children (Huang, 2013). School design can affect student behavior, development, and academic performance (Huang, 2013). A key factor in effective school environments is the appropriate use of color. Careful color application has proven to have positive effects on behavior and cognitive learning (Heliyon, 2022). In addition, children have a better school experience when given autonomy. Autonomy improves intrinsic motivation (Ford, 2016). Research suggests that wherever possible, design for autonomy be implemented as a way to support children’s growth and development (Sorensen, 2013). This can be applied through multi-purpose learning spaces and flexible classroom furnishings. Additional spaces for collaboration and creativity are needed to meet the needs of today’s students and hold their attention. Furthermore, autonomy in the classroom environment is supported by designated areas where children can express themselves and make the space their own. Potential areas for this include cubbies and classroom bulletin boards.

Authors: Nathan Jones, Carter Noh, Douglas Cook. Mentors: Douglas Cook. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Neural networks are used to identify specific objects in a picture and are often used in robotics to allow robots to identify objects through a camera. They can be used in agriculture to allow machines to identify plants to harvest and cultivate. The preparation of the neural network model involves taking thousands of pictures in a variety of situations. Networks with a large quantity of pictures in a large variety of angles, lighting, environments, etc. have a better chance of identifying plants in any situation. Our lab needed a device for rapid data collection that could be placed in a field to automate the process of taking pictures of crops. We used a gantry system that was controlled through three stepper motors, one for the x-axis and the other two for the y-axis. Two cameras were placed on the head of the gantry system and were driven through a 40” x 40” area. Each camera was connected by a double ball head arm which can point a camera in almost any direction. The camera arms were screwed into a plate with a 5 x 5 grid of bolt holes; these holes and the double ball head arms gave us control over the angle and distance of each photo to increase the variety of our data set. In October 2023, our rapid data collection device was tested in a field and was able to capture over 50,000 photographs of saffron flowers at a variety of angles, lighting, and distances. The results of our device were promising and we have some improvements that we plan on making. We anticipate that with these improvements, next saffron harvest we will be able to increase the number and variety of pictures to improve our dataset.

Authors: Addison McClure, Marshall Christensen, Braxton Fjeldsted, Luke Howell, Cole Dunn, Kirsten Steele, Andrew Tagg, Douglas Cook. Mentors: Douglas Cook. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Stalk lodging is the event of failure just below the ear or node of a maize stalk. Brazier buckling is the most common mode of failure and consistently occurs near the node. Maize stalk lodging has been studied for several years; however, relatively little is known about the process and progression of stalk failure. The purpose of this study was to characterize tissue-level failure patterns of maize stalks. A better understanding of failure patterns could provide further insight into developing maize stalks that are less susceptible to failure. The failure region was studied using several techniques including various imaging techniques(Scanning Electron Microscopy, x-ray computed tomography, and digital image correlation), experimentation (bend tests with recordings of acoustic emissions), and quantification of cross-sectional ovalization. We found that ovalization occurs prior to stalk failure and is strongly correlated with the onset of buckling. Despite this correlation, neither ovalization nor acoustic emissions were predictive of failure. Tissue-level analysis revealed that buckling occurs at many different scales, including at the organ, tissue, cellular, and cell wall level. Based on these observations, we propose a new conceptual model for understanding stalk failure. This model states that the probability of tissue failure and the probability of buckling failure increase in a highly correlated fashion. When one mode of failure occurs, it immediately initiates the other failure mode as well. This model suggests that efforts to improve stalk strength need to address both tissue strength and buckling resistance.

Authors: Madi Hancock. Mentors: Nathan Crane. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Binder Jetting (BJ), a type of additive manufacturing (3D printing), creates parts through a multi-layered process. Particles are bound together using tiny droplets of liquid binder. Binder jetting has advantages over other additive manufacturing methods including relatively low costs, fast build rates, and a variety of possible printable materials. However, porosity defects commonly seen in BJ printed parts limit the technology's usefulness in demanding industries. There are several proposed causes of these porosity defects, including poor powder compaction in printed areas, residual carbon from the binder, and powder rearrangement due to binder droplet impact. The relative importance of these factors is poorly understood. This study will compare observations of porosity in printed and unprinted regions of Stainless Steel 316 BJ samples to better understand the possible modes of porosity defects.

Authors: Lydia Beazer, Trevor Carter, Audrey Christiansen. Mentors: Larry Howell. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Outreach is the process of deliberate engagement with a range of diverse communities. It is a vital adaptation in an increasingly digital world, acting as a vehicle to extend the impact of work done in research labs. Increased exposure can attract and inspire future engineers and lead to new opportunities for research. Previously, BYU’s CMR lab invested in consistent outreach projects and collaborated with prominent social media influencers, developing a seven-step plan to connect the public with academic research. Recently, these strategies were implemented in a new collaboration with influential YouTuber Mark Rober. In preparation for the anticipated increased visibility from this project, the lab organized a team dedicated to establishing a consistent and professional digital presence. For months, this team undertook preliminary steps that included updating outdated files, designing appealing and shareable makerspace content, and expanding the archive of publicly accessible resources. Having laid this groundwork, the lab was able to influence the impact of this high-profile collaboration, resulting in measurable increase in several metrics related to exposure and positive interaction with lab research.

Authors: Tyler Hamm, Jake Numbers, Ryan Ruth, Hunter Pitchford, David Allred, Troy Munro. Mentors: David Allred. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are being investigated for use in clean energy to replace the common pressurized-water nuclear reactors currently in the United States. MSRs use high-temperature, low-pressure molten salt coolant to provide safer and more efficient energy production. However, many MSRs salt compounds lack tested thermophysical properties, including thermal conductivity. Our research focuses on experimentally measuring MSR salt thermal conductivities using a modified transient hot-wire technique. We use a needle probe, equipped with a thermocouple and heating wires, immersed in molten salt compounds at temperatures running from 400–700℃. Thus far, we have tested the thermal conductivity of LiCl-NaCl (eutectic and 91%LiCl composition), NaCl-KCl (eutectic), LiCl-KCl (eutectic), LiF-NaF (eutectic), and FLiNaK. These test results indicate higher than predicted thermal conductivities and consequential further investigation into the physical properties of our probe to improve the experimental design and data evaluation. This research and improved experimental method will provide accurate and precise experimental results of MSRs molten salt thermophysical properties to populate the national database used by MSR developers which will help further the possibilities and practicalities of MSR technology.

Authors: Michael Olson. Mentors: Nathan Usevitch. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Wearable robotic devices are versatile for assisting users in many scenarios. These devices could provide therapy treatments to users recovering from injuries, provide support for factory workers who commonly perform repetitive tasks (in 2021 there were over two million work-related injuries in the US) and aid motion for elderly people with limited mobility. Whereas other assistive devices require external machinery and infrastructure, a wearable device makes it possible to provide aid during activities of daily living, and in normal work scenarios. Wearable tech can reduce metabolic work required to complete a variety of simple tasks, can enable a user to accomplish tasks normally requiring greater strength than they possess, and can help improve motion capabilities of users in cases of limited mobility.At BYU, we are developing a wearable system to assist user's elbow motion. Our design uses a system of motors mounted on a backpack frame. These motors connect to the assistive sleeve through a set of Bowden cables. We are developing a general mechatronic platform that can be used to actuate several different sleeve designs. Developing this platform enables us to quickly experiment with different sleeve designs and cable routings. The system uses three pairs of motors per arm: one pair for arm pronation and supination (wrist rotation), one pair for elbow extension and flexion (like doing a bicep curl), and one pair for medial or lateral rotation (rotation of the arm to the left or right). When one motor tenses to provide force to move the arm in a particular direction, the other motor relaxes, enabling the arm to travel in that direction. The motors are controlled by an Arduino Nano 33 interfaced with a laptop, and the device could be modified to be compatible with an X-Box controller connected to Robot Operating System (ROS), providing wireless control for arm motion. Potential applications may include rehabilitation, mobility assistance, and assistance with repeated tasks.

Authors: Harrison Denning, Spencer Thompson. Mentors: Jeff Hill. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Traditionally, tensegrity structures have been a subject of interest for their architectural beauty and high strength-to-weight advantage. The field of tensegrity research has since grown to include robots and more complex latticed structures. More recently, tensegrity has been used to accurately model many biological systems, such as joints and spines. Part of this modeling has involved trying to better estimate these biological systems utilizing bi-stable and multi-stiffness tensegrity structures. Our research takes a closer look at how to build and optimize bi-stable tensegrity structures with multiple stiffness modes. By optimizing tensegrity geometry or spring-cable connections between rigid members it is possible to significantly change the models’ overall equivalent stiffness between stable modes. Our research delves into how changes in the shape of rigid members create differences in overall structure geometry between stable modes and a change in stiffness between the two modes. We also discuss optimal spring cable connections and optimal individual spring constants to further increase stiffness differences between stable positions. Furtherance of this work will involve building larger and more robust models to be used on the body as wearable structures. The application of this research heads towards the development of wearable tensegrity braces with the ability to switch between higher or lower stiffnesses to cater to the needs of the wearer.

Authors: Roya Adham. Mentors: Kristen Arnold. Insitution: Weber State University. Given the frequency and severity of natural disasters and humanitarian crises, around the globe, the current refuge center at Salt Lake City faces critical challenges in providing sufficient support for its demand.Security and efficiency of indoor space are critical matters in designing a refuge center.the absence of confidentiality can lead to information leakage and compromise the security of the building. (Reinten, et al 2017). The room acoustics will impact the creation of positive communication and interaction for individuals who seek solitude and peace inside the building. Oasis Haven promised to serve as a haven to those in need, helping them to nurture and heal from their past traumas. According to recent research, organizing and laying out spaces, and putting directional signage and informational labels to guide individuals who don't know the language will effectively increase their satisfaction level with the space Jamshidi et al. (2020). Accessibility for all individuals in a space is an ultimate goal of the designers and we must ensure cohesive visual language and consistency throughout the entire design.additionally, it studied and proved the effects of color schemes on employees' task performance due to the healing effects of colors Öztürk, Yilmazer, and Ural (2012). color plays a significant role in creating a space that helps refugees feel more at home and provides a sense of belonging to them. certain colors may symbolize peace, warmth, or security in one culture, while they might have different connotations in another Öztürk, Yilmazer, and Ural (2012) we try to incorporate all those principles and get help from other elements such as natural and artificial light to create space that feels like a true home and provide a sense of stability and comfort to refugees during the times of transition and adjustment.

Authors: Jakob G Bates, Matthew B Snyder, Porter Adelman. Mentors: Christopher R Dillon. Insitution: Brigham Young University. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive medical procedure that uses ultrasound waves to heat up and destroy harmful cells such as tumors. In order to accurately perform this procedure the ultrasound waves must reach and accumulate at a specified target location. This can be difficult to predict because of the way that ultrasound waves reflect, refract, and lose energy within the human body. Tests are run using simulations in order to ensure successful targeting of the ultrasonic transducers. These simulations use data collected from human tissue samples to provide the best results. Unfortunately it is difficult to obtain real human tissue samples from histology labs of hospitals.Our objective is to create a portable measurement device that will allow us to enter histology labs and collect necessary data on site. We propose to design and build an acoustic property measurement device that integrates acoustic transducers with digital calipers. The portability of this measurement device will enable access to a greater number of tissue samples and provide more accurate property measurements. This will lead to better simulations of the HIFU therapy and therefore improve the overall safety and success of the medical procedure.

Authors: Andrea Tyler. Mentors: Kristen Arnold. Insitution: Weber State University. The golden thread that runs through this project is ART. The texture, color, shapes, movement, contrast and emphasis which exists in ART will be carried into the interiors. Through this adaptive reuse project, the interior emphasis will be on the historical architecture and will draw on the textures and details as the backdrop. By tapping into these details, the overall aesthetic will ground the visitor to the experience within the space. The ARTshare Project mission is to uplift artists, gather and unite community, and empower human beings through ART. According to research (Pilegaard, 2023) “exhibitions might be said to produce an atmosphere of its own, neither is detached from the architectural interiors’ existing atmosphere. Indeed, they are dependent on it.” Atmosphere, distance and proximity in museum spaces is how we experience space. Access to light, combined with color, improves alertness and affects the soul and spirit. Combinations of color and natural light by using different types of glass throughout the design will stimulate moods and will be incorporated into this environment. Each loop in the golden thread of this project will represent an area of commercial, hospitality, healthcare and residential. Baniyamin, 2020 says, “Researchers have shown that visual stimulation of nature, natural lighting, artwork, relaxing colours and therapeutic sound can greatly accelerate the therapeutic process”. The art therapy rooms place a high priority on privacy while providing a healing environment with light, biophilia and art. Just like artists rely on nature for inspiration, so will the residential condos. With access to views, air and light, the design will connect the resident with nature. The bistro is the air that the interior breaths, inhaling and exhaling, healing and connecting.

Authors: Mikayla Buckway. Mentors: Kristen Arnold. Insitution: Weber State University. Women represent half of the world’s population, and half of the worlds potential. Many of those women face hardships and issues with nowhere to turn for help. The adaptive reuse design build project was created in response to the non profit organization Haven and their need for a women’s center. The selected area and building are of historic beginnings and are centrally located for the best optimization of the center. The center is needed to have multiple different functions and uses. From safe temporary living spaces to counseling offices the main focus will be to cultivate healing, rejuvenation and learning in the space. Studies show that the built environment we chose to surround ourselves with impacts our wellbeing and can be the catalyst for a hastened or slowed recovery (Sternberg 2020). A range of different design elements will need to be incorporated in the space to ensure the goals of the facility are met. The use of nature, biophilia, color and acoustics in designing the physical environment has been shown to optimize health, wellbeing and performance of tenants. Utilizing these elements in the Haven women’s center will be a crucial part of creating the desired space. Using these positive stimuli will also assist in creating a less institutionalized space and more of a home for healing.

Authors: Tyler Peterson, Anna Jensen, Daniel Orr, Anton E Bowden. Mentors: Anton E Bowden. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Prior to approval for usage, spinal disc replacements undergo rigorous and costly tests to ensure that they will perform as designed once implanted. Wear testing, specifically, is one of the most important tests as any loose foreign particles can cause osteolysis of the surrounding tissue. Due to this, minimizing the wear experienced by a joint replacement is of extreme importance, however, wear testing is often done in latter stages of the design process as a functioning prototype is needed. These tests can be prohibitively expensive and adjustments to the prototype only add to the costs, thus a more accessible test to get an initial estimate of the wear is desirable. There are current methods employed to perform these preliminary test results, including the use of a Tribometer, which tests friction and wear. Benefits of using a tribometer are that it can control environmental factors that parallel the ISO testing standards, however, these devices cost thousands of dollars. In the present work, we designed a cost-effective preliminary testing apparatus that accurately recreates loadings that the implant will experience in flexion and extension, as well as lateral bending. The machine consists of a roller that can be loaded axially by compressing a spring to mimic realistic compressive loading conditions, and a motor that will move the roller to replicate spinal bending. The design incorporates a spring element to ensure that contact between the roller and the implant is preserved. Predictable, repeated motions achieved with this machine can provide early insights into the implant wear modes, which can facilitate iterative design improvements. Such knowledge early in the design process can save costs by reducing the need for major design changes in the late stages of product development.

Authors: Roya Adham. Mentors: Kristen Arnold. Insitution: Weber State University. Given the frequency and severity of natural disasters and humanitarian crises, around the globe, the current refuge center at Salt Lake City faces critical challenges in providing sufficient support for its demand.Security and efficiency of indoor space are critical matters in designing a refuge center.the absence of confidentiality can lead to information leakage and compromise the security of the building. (Reinten, et al 2017). The room acoustics will impact the creation of positive communication and interaction for individuals who seek solitude and peace inside the building. Oasis Haven promised to serve as a haven to those in need, helping them to nurture and heal from their past traumas. According to recent research, organizing and laying out spaces, and putting directional signage and informational labels to guide individuals who don't know the language will effectively increase their satisfaction level with the space Jamshidi et al. (2020). Accessibility for all individuals in a space is an ultimate goal of the designers and we must ensure cohesive visual language and consistency throughout the entire design.additionally, it studied and proved the effects of color schemes on employees' task performance due to the healing effects of colors Öztürk, Yilmazer, and Ural (2012). color plays a significant role in creating a space that helps refugees feel more at home and provides a sense of belonging to them. certain colors may symbolize peace, warmth, or security in one culture, while they might have different connotations in another Öztürk, Yilmazer, and Ural (2012) we try to incorporate all those principles and get help from other elements such as natural and artificial light to create space that feels like a true home and provide a sense of stability and comfort to refugees during the times of transition and adjustment.

Authors: Parker Graves, Landon Deru, Bruce Bailey. Mentors: Bruce Bailey. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Chronic illness such as strokes, heart disease and diabetes all rank among the leading causes of death in the United States. Recently, fasting has gained popularity as a means of preventing and treating chronic illness. PURPOSE: Fasting produces multiple beneficial physiological responses that have been shown to aid in chronic disease prevention, one of which is observed in relation to incretin hormones such as glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). These incretin hormones are released by the gut to augment the secretion of insulin to regulate postprandial glucose levels. During a fast, the decrease in incretin hormones, and resultant insulin levels can aid the body to regain insulin sensitivity. This can lead to more effective blood glucose management and chronic illness prevention. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of an acute 24-hour fast started with either a high fat (HF) or high carbohydrate (HC) meal on plasma GIP and GLP-1. METHODS: Subjects were over the age of 55, had a BMI equal to or greater than 27, and had no diagnosed metabolic disorders or some other disqualifying medical issues. Using a randomized crossover design, each participant performed two 24-hour fasts. One fast beginning with a high carbohydrate meal and the other a high fat meal, both of equal calories. Venous blood draws were taken at 0, 1, 24, and 48 hours. RESULTS: GIP and GLP-1 (P < 0.001) were both elevated 1 hour after consuming the pre-fast meal in both conditions. In addition, both GIP (P = 0.0122) and GLP-1 (P = 0.0068) were higher in the high fat condition compared to the high carbohydrate condition at 1 hour. There were no significant differences between conditions for either GIP or GLP-1 at any other time point. CONCLUSION: As expected, both incretin hormones spiked postprandially. We did find that GIP and GLP-1 levels were significantly higher at 1-hour postprandial for the HF meal compared to the HC meal. This could give evidence to show how macronutrient levels can affect incretin secretion and alter sensitivity to insulin. However, the impact of the pre-fast meal on GLP-1 and GIP did not persist throughout the fast.

Authors: Leila Moore, Marin Farnsworth. Mentors: Tyson Harmon. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Background:Facial expressions are crucial for understanding human emotions in communication. Coding and quantifying these expressions, however, have often been subjective, leading to issues with reliability and consistency (Kring and Sloan, 2007). To address this, we have modified the Facial Expression Coding System (FACES) protocol (Kring and Sloan, 2007), which traditionally relies on subjective interpretation. Our modified protocol employs a more objective approach by quantifying facial expressions based on the counting of facial units (e.g., eyes, corners of the mouth, eyebrows, and teeth). Each intensity rating corresponds to a certain number of facial units. For example, an expression involving one facial unit would receive an intensity rating of one whereas an expression involving two units would receive an intensity rating of two. Multiple studies have found that women are more emotionally expressive than men overall when considering gestures, body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice (Ashmore, 1990; Brody & Hall, 1993; Hall, 1984). Rather than focusing on overall emotional expressiveness, though, the present study aims to understand how gender impacts the production of emotional facial expressions specifically. Method:The proposed study aims to compare the frequency and intensity of facial expressions produced by men versus women when recounting personal narratives. Participants. Video footage from participants with and without aphasia producing personal narrative discourse will be obtained for equal numbers of male and female participants. Samples will include two personal narratives in response to prompts from the interviewer. The first prompt is to speak of an experience the participant has had with illness/injury/stroke, and the second prompt is to talk about an important event that has happened in their life. Procedure. A modified FACES protocol will be used to code facial expressions in videos obtained from AphasiaBank. The coding process is conducted with the audio muted to help eliminate distractions. The modified FACES protocol includes specific, operationalized criteria for what qualifies as a facial expression. This protocol does not include coding non-facial gestures or eye movements. However, we do take into account the narrowing and widening of eyes in addition to instances when the eyes are opened or closed with intention. A critical question we ask during coding is whether the facial expression conveys emotional content. We have established standards for intensity ratings and will outline how we arrived at these standards, as well as the distinctions between intensity ratings one, two, three, and four. The analysis process includes establishing a baseline expression for each participant and coding for 20 minutes before taking a break to maintain energy and productivity and to ensure accuracy in data collection. Additionally, secondary coding and a final pass for gestalt ratings are performed to ensure comprehensive analysis.Data Analysis. To address our research questions, we will conduct a comprehensive analysis, focusing on our participants' facial expressiveness during personal narrative storytelling. The analysis will involve quantifying the frequency of facial expressions exhibited by the participants. Additionally, we will consider the valence of these expressions, distinguishing between positive and negative emotional content. We will also assess the intensity of facial expressions by counting the number of facial units engaged during each expression. This examination of facial data will allow us to discern not only the prevalence of expressions but also emotional content and intensity, ultimately providing a more in-depth understanding of the gender differences in non-verbal communication during personal narratives.Anticipated Results:Our study aims to explore if there is a statistically significant difference in the quantity, valence, and intensity of facial expressions between men and women. By using a standardized approach for measuring emotional facial expression production, we hope to shed light on the nuances of non-verbal communication during personal narratives and contribute to a better understanding of gender differences in emotional expression. Consistent with previous research, we anticipate that females will produce more frequent and intense emotional facial expressions than males (Ashmore, 1990; Brody & Hall, 1993; Hall, 1984).References:Ashmore, R. D. (1990). Sex, gender, and the individual. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 486-526). New York: Guilford Press.Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 447-460). New York: Guilford Press.Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2007). The facial expression coding system (FACES): Development, validation, and utility. Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.210.

Authors: Jayden Peacock. Mentors: Jodi Corser. Insitution: Southern Utah University. Healthcare access disparities remain a persistent and pressing issue in the community, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. These disparities include aspects such as geographic location, socioeconomic standing, and ethnicity, all of which can hinder individual and societal growth. Addressing these disparities is vital as it can improve the well-being of individuals and therefore society. Examining the nature of healthcare access disparities helps present a holistic approach that can help bridge the gap, providing a more equitable healthcare system. Healthcare disparities are deeply embedded in the network of social and structural inequalities, driven by a complex interplay of geographical, economic, and cultural factors. Such disparities create health gaps, where individuals from marginalized communities are disproportionately burdened by a lack of access to essential medical services. The historical neglect of underserved communities has contributed to the persistence of these disparities, necessitating a comprehensive and transformative approach to address the problem.Effectively combating healthcare access disparities includes implementing community involvement that empowers underserved communities, enacting healthcare policy reforms to address systemic barriers, and leveraging locum tenens to improve access to care in all areas. Addressing these aspects will lead to a more equitable and inclusive healthcare system, that results in improved health outcomes and well-being for all individuals. Addressing healthcare access disparities is essential for individual and community improvement. Through community engagement, healthcare reforms, and the use of locum tenens a comprehensive approach can be represented in regards to a more equitable and inclusive healthcare system.

Authors: Ken Dixon, Jack Davis, DeLayney Anderson, Mackenzie Burr, Peyton Worley, Isaac Packer, Bridger Kearns, Jeffrey Okojie. Mentors: Jared Barrott. Insitution: Brigham Young University. IntroductionPersonalized cancer care requires molecular characterization of neoplasms. While the research community accepts frozen tissues as the gold standard analyte for molecular assays, the source of tissue for all testing of tumor tissue in clinical cancer care comes almost universally from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE). Specific to genomics assays, numerous studies have shown significant discordance in genetic information obtained from FFPE samples and cryopreserved samples. To explain the discordance between FFPE samples and cryopreserved samples, a head-to-head comparison between FFPE and cryopreserved tissues was performed to analyze the DNA yield, DNA purity, and DNA quality in terms of DNA length.MethodsHuman (n = 48) and murine tissues (n = 10) were processed by traditional formalin fixation and paraffin embedding or placed in cryovials containing HypoThermosol solution. 19 human-matched samples were included. These cryovials were cooled to -80°C slowly and stored in liquid nitrogen until the time of the study. DNA was extracted using the same protocol for both tissue types except that tissues embedded in paraffin were first dewaxed using a xylene substitute followed by a multistep rehydration protocol using ethanol and water. Samples were weighed and calibrated to have the same starting mass. After the column purification, samples were eluted in 20 µL and concentration and purity were measured on a Nanodrop. Purity was determined by calculating the 260/280 ratio. DNA fragment length was measured on an Agilent Fragment Microelectrophoresis Analyzer.ResultsGraded amounts of tumor tissue (5- >50 mg) were used to determine the lowest starting material needed to extract 40 ng/mg of DNA. The average for both sample types reached the minimal threshold of 40 ng/mg. However, 74% of FFPE specimens failed to meet the minimum 40 ng/mg, whereas only 21% were below the threshold in the cryopreserved samples (Figure 1). In the cryopreserved group, the average DNA yield was 222.1 ng/mg, whereas 52.8 ng/mg was obtained from FFPE tissue. For DNA purity in cryopreserved tissues, the 260/280 ratio range was 1.09-2.13 with a mean of 1.79. The 260/280 ratio range in FFPE tissues was 0.85-2.76 with a mean of 1.65 (Figure 2). The DNA Quality Number(DQN) is a measurement of DNA fragment length and the percentage that exceeds the threshold of 300 bp. For FFPE, the DQN was 4.4 compared to a DQN of 9.8 for the cryopreserved samples (Figure 3). Setting a higher threshold of DNA length to 40,000 bp and measuring the area under the curve (AUC), it was observed that cryopreserved samples were 9-fold higher in fragments greater than 40,000 bp (Figure 4).ConclusionsCryopreserved cancer tissue provides superior quality assurance measurements of DNA over FFFPE. Treatment decisions based on molecular results demand accuracy and validity. The pathology community should support efforts to cryopreserve cancer biospecimens in the clinical setting to provide valid molecular testing results. The automatic pickling of tumor specimens in formalin is no longer an acceptable default.

Authors: Ashley Allan, Mikayla Kimball, Noah Bezzant, Brent Feland, Josh Sponbeck. Mentors: Brent Feland. Insitution: Brigham Young University. BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that there are differences bilaterally in the cross sectional area of the patellar tendon for lead vs non lead extremities of athletes. Yet, little research can be found as to whether there is a difference that develops over one’s lifetime between the stiffness of the patellar tendons in the dominant vs non-dominant legs. Reliability has not yet been established for elastography in the patellar tendons, so we are continuously striving to gather more reliable data on shear-wave elastography of the patellar tendon. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess whether there is a difference in the average patellar tendon stiffness as measured by ultrasound elastography using a pad vs no pad and differences between self reported non-dominant vs dominant knee of senior athletes over the age of 50. Dominance taken as reported in a modified KOOS (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) survey. METHODS: Data was collected from 15 active, senior aged volunteers at the Huntsman World Senior Games in St George, Utah, 2023. All subjects (mean age= 67.29 ± 6.26 yrs, height=175.44 ± 8.18 cm, weight=87.40 ± 12.21 kg) signed an approved consent and completed a modified KOOS survey. Following, they were seated on a table, with their backs against the wall directly behind them. They were seated so that their lower legs were hanging off of the table in a relaxed position. The patellar tendon was then imaged with a long axis view using ultrasound elastography. ANALYSIS: All data were analyzed using JMP ver16.2 with a repeated measured analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if differences existed between pad and no pad and between dominant and non- dominant legs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference between (p=.0423) pad and no pad patellar tendon measurements, but no significant difference when comparing sides combined with pad and no pad, between dominant and non-dominant legs, although a trend for significance did exist, and we suspect that with more subjects analyzed, we will get more significance.

Authors: Logan McMaster, Joshua Sponbeck, Malorie Wilwand, A. Wayne Johnson. Mentors: A Wayne Johnson. Insitution: Brigham Young University. In the dynamic game of professional football, where split-second decisions and explosive movements often determine the outcome, players train all year round for optimal athletic performance. Paramount to this performance are the hamstring muscles including the semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), and both the long and short head of the biceps femoris (BFLH and BFSH). They play pivotal roles in sprints, agility, jumping, and overall lower-body strength. Because of the critical nature of the hamstrings during functional activity, this study sought to determine which of these three muscles contributes the most to eccentric hamstring strength. Recognizing the correlation between muscle volume and muscle strength, this study compared maximal eccentric hamstring strength with the proportion of each isolated hamstring muscle's volume relative to the total hamstring muscle group volume. Doing so would identify which specific muscle contributes the most to eccentric hamstring strength. This study incorporated 74 male, collegiate football players representing all positions on the team. Maximal strength was assessed through Nordic hamstring curls and overall muscle volume was quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our results show no correlation (R^2<0.2) between maximal force output and proportional muscle volume for the ST, and the BFSH. Additionally, the correlations for these muscles were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The SM muscles had a weak negative correlation (R^2= -0.25) with eccentric hamstring strength that was statistically significant (P = 0.03). The BFLH proportional volume was positively weakly correlated (R^2= 0.22) with eccentric hamstring strength. This correlation was statistically non-significant (P = 0.06). This information shows that no hamstring muscle contributes more to eccentric hamstring strength than any other. Knowledge of this can be invaluable for clinicians and researchers to design comprehensive strength training programs that enhance the collective strength of the entire hamstring muscle group, ultimately optimizing the performance of football players.

Authors: Rachel Prince, Joseph Monsen. Mentors: Jason Adams. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Humectants are an important class of compounds that attract and retain water within a cell. These substances are commonly used in skincare products to prevent the outer layers of the skin from drying out. Humectants also serve a similar purpose in tissue preservation and prevention of decomposition of cadaveric specimens. As there have been few comparative studies analyzing the effects of different chemicals on the preservation of cadaveric tissue, we designed an assay consisting of wet-dry analysis to compare the effects of four common humectants (2-phenoxy ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol) on water retention in various cadaveric tissues. These tissues include human skin, skeletal muscle, brain, liver, cardiac muscle, and lung tissue. In each experiment, the tissue was submerged in the humectant and then weighed before and after being placed in an incubator. From these values, we calculated the percent difference in tissue mass to determine the most effective humectant concentration for retaining moisture in the tissue. We first tested a concentration gradient for each humectant to determine the most effective concentrations for each humectant. Then we performed a second set of experiments to compare the ideal concentrations of the humectants under the same conditions in each tissue. In our preliminary experiments, we found that glycerol is the most effective in retaining moisture in several of these cadaveric tissues. As we finish our experimentation we plan to create a tissue library to provide an evidence-based standard for wetting solutions used in anatomy labs.

Authors: Katelynn Hales, Katya Hulse, Spencer Hawes. Mentors: Bruce Bailey Jr.. Insitution: Brigham Young University. There is relatively little research examining the effect of intermittent fasting on hunger and appetite. The existing literature suggests a complex interaction between hormonal signals, subjective hunger, and actual eating behavior. Development of effective and sustainable protocols rests on understanding these relationships. Dietary protocols that involve continuous energy restriction have been shown to increase appetite. As intermittent energy restriction results from fasting protocols, there is reason to suspect that fasting may similarly impact hunger and eating behavior. However, some research suggests that ketogenic or very low energy diets may decrease hunger, making it unclear what the effects of fasting may be. Levels of ghrelin, the primary hunger hormone, typically increase over the course of a fast, whereas satiety hormones, like leptin, decrease. However, these hormonal changes do not always align with ratings of subjective hunger. There is some evidence that the post-fast meal may play a role in hunger and appetite. Different macronutrients have been shown to impact hormones, hunger, and satiety differently. Our study aims to determine how ending a fast with a high or low carb shake will influence hunger and satiety hormones and subjective hunger.

Authors: Marcus M Lawrence, Merrill Funk, Jeffrey C Cowley, Amanda Hawkes, Aaron McKenzie, Alexandra Routsis, Wesley Ziegler, Talon Thornton, Spencer Maxwell, Korina Ziegler, James Navalta. Mentors: Marcus Lawrence. Insitution: Southern Utah University. American College of Sports Medicine has again found that wearable technology and resistance training (RT) are two of the top 5 fitness trends in 2023. Our lab recently found that the bicep-worn Polar Verity device was valid and reliable for measuring average and maximal heart rate (HR) during light intensity circuit RT. However, no study has examined other bicep worn devices during RT while also examining heavier intensities. PURPOSE: To determine the concurrent validity of identical Polar OH1 (x2) and Verity Sense (x2) bicep-worn devices in recording average and maximal HR following moderately heavy RT. METHODS: Twenty-one adult participants completed this study (n=10 female, n=11 male; age: 26.1±9.2 yrs; height: 171.3±9.4 cm; mass: 71.4±18.2 kg; RT experience: 5.7±4.9 yrs). The four bicep devices (Polar OH1 x2 and Polar Verity Sense x2) were worn along with the Polar H10 chest strap, criterion for HR. Participants completed 8 supersets of the reverse lunge and shoulder press exercises using dumbbells at a light (4 sets) and moderately heavy (4 sets) intensity with 1 superset of 6 repetitions per exercise (12 repetitions per superset) and 1 min rest between supersets. Data was analyzed for validity (Mean Absolute Percent Error [MAPE] and Lin’s Concordance Coefficient [CCC]), with predetermined thresholds of MAPE<10% and CCC>0.70. Paired t-tests were used to determine differences (p<0.05). RESULTS: For average or maximal HR, neither the Polar Verity Sense 1 (127.2±17.8 or 151.5±16.7bpm) or 2 (125.7±18.8 or 147.9±18.9bpm) or the Polar OH1 1 (128.7±18.5 or 154.5±18.1bpm) or 2 (129.5±18.2 or 156.4±17.4bpm) were significantly (p range: 0.14-0.97) different than the criterion (128.6±19.2 or 149.3±18.0bpm). However, the Polar Verity 1 and 2 were not considered valid for average HR (MAPE range:16.17-17.57%; CCC range: 0.07-0.13) or maximal HR (MAPE range: 11.60-13.33%; CCC range: 0.02-0.29). The Polar OH1 1 and 2 devices were not considered valid, either, for average HR (MAPE range: 17.22-17.25%; CCC range: 0.08-0.09) or maximal HR (MAPE range: 13.24-13.92%; CCC range: .024-0.27). CONCLUSION: Despite our lab previously finding the Polar Verity as valid for HR measurements during light intensity RT, the current bicep-worn devices should not be utilized during heavier intensity RT for accurate HR measurements. Individuals resistance training and utilizing bicep-worn devices for heart rate should use them cautiously.

Authors: Sehi Kim, Naomi Rapier-Sharman, Michael Told. Mentors: Brett Pickett. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that produces autoantibodies affecting various body regions, including skin, joints, kidneys, brain, aerosol surfaces, blood vessels, etc., resulting in damaging organs and tissue. Patients commonly experience an elevated risk of bleeding or blood clotting, joint stiffness, pain, fatigue, and depression.Our study involved the collection of RNA seq data of B cells of both SLE patients and healthy people from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Subsequently, we employed the Automated Reproducible MOdular Workflow for preprocessing and differential analysis of RNA-seq data (ARMOR) workflow. The differentially expressed genes identified by ARMOR were then analyzed using SPIA (Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis) algorithm to find the pathways associated with lupus. We further utilized the Pathways2Targets algorithm to predict potential lupus treatments based on known protein-drug interactions.In our study on lupus patients, analysis using ARMOR, SPIA, and Pathways2Targets identified 10,000 differentially expressed genes and revealed their modulated pathways, providing insights into molecular cascades in lupus. Furthermore, we identified potential drug targets, finding the way for therapeutic interventions that ultimately led to the discovery of new drug treatments. We anticipate that our findings could be utilized for the benefit of lupus patients, further advancing personalized medicine strategies, holding promise for improving the quality of life for individuals grappling with this complex autoimmune disorder.

Authors: Spencer Jezek, Malorie Wilwand, Joshua Sponbeck, Hunter Jack, Kaden Kennard, A Wayne Johnson. Mentors: A Wayne Johnson. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Hamstring injuries are one of the most common injuries sustained in professional football with 800+ hamstring injuries per year. These hamstring injuries often occur between late swing (eccentric contraction) and early ground contact.PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation of eccentric hamstring strength to muscle volume across positional groups.METHODS:Athletes were divided into three homogeneous groups based on position (big (e.g., linemen), skill (e.g., receivers), combo (e.g., linebackers)). Seventy-three NCAA Division I football players participated (24 big, 37 skill, and 12 combo). Hamstring strength was collected for each leg while performing 3 Nordic curls on a Nordbord device. The peak force of each leg was summed for our data analysis. Collective hamstring volume for each athlete was found through MRI. RESULTS:A Pearson’s product correlation demonstrated an overall moderate correlation (r = 0.52, p < 0.0001) between hamstring muscle volume and strength, with skill players demonstrating a strong correlation (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001), combo players demonstrating a moderate correlation (r = 0.49, p < 0.0001), and big players demonstrating a weak correlation (r = 0.39, p < 0.0001). An ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference of hamstring strength between positional groups (p = 0.1074) relative to hamstring volume (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION:The observed overall moderate correlation between hamstring strength and muscle volume across positional groups indicates that factors outside of muscle volume contribute to muscle strength. Our data also suggests that, regardless of position, hamstring muscle strength was similar when accounting for volume. Muscle volume was the best predictor of strength for the skill group. However, other factors should be considered, such as motor control factors. In the combo and big groups, these additional factors play a larger role.

Authors: Calista Greenwood, Ciera Sanders, Pacen Williams, Kaleb Gardner, Caylor Hafen, Hillary Wadsworth. Mentors: Jordan Yorgason. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Dopamine circuit function in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) is implicated in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse including opioids. Opioid receptor desensitization occurs during acute and prolonged exposure to opioids such as morphine, which may have long lasting effects on dopamine circuit function. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was performed in mice that have undergone morphine behavioral conditioning. In NAc brain slices, morphine has no apparent direct effects on dopamine release. In contrast, morphine bath application increases VTA dopamine release, which is reversed by naloxone. Interestingly, morphine induced increases in VTA dopamine release were greater in morphine vs saline conditioned mice, supporting a model of circuit sensitization. Surprisingly, blocking voltage gated potassium channels resulted in a switch in morphine effects, where morphine reduced VTA dopamine release. Morphine treated mice had reduced sensitivity to morphine effects on dopamine release in the presence of potassium channel blockers, suggesting that potassium channels are underlying the increases in sensitivity observed in morphine conditioned mice. Experimental protocols were approved by the Brigham Young University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee according to the National Institutes of Health Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Research was funded by Brigham Young University. There are no conflicts of interests to disclose.

Authors: Wesley Ziegler, Spencer Maxwell, Aaron McKenzie, Talon Thornton, Alexandra Routsis, Korina Ziegler, Jae Bovell, Devin Green, Bryson Carrier, James Navalta, Setareh Star Zarei, Kaye Lavin, Jeffrey C Cowley, Amanda Hawkes, Merrill Funk, Marcus M Lawrence, Charli Aguilar. Mentors: Marcus Lawrence. Insitution: Southern Utah University. Wearable technology and strength training with free weights are two of the top 5 fitness trends worldwide. However, minimal physiological research has been conducted on the two together and none have measured the accuracy of devices measuring repetition counts across exercises. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of four wrist-worn Garmin devices, Instinct (x2), Fenix 6 Pro, and Vivoactive 3, to record repetition counts while performing 4 different exercises during circuit resistance training. METHODS: Twenty participants (n=10 female, n=10 male; age: 23.2  7.7 years) completed this study. Participants completed 4 circuits of 4 exercises (front squat, reverse lunge, push-ups, and shoulder press) using dumbbells at a light intensity with 1 set of 10 repetitions per exercise and 30 seconds rest between exercises and 1-1.5 min rest between circuits. Mean absolute percent error (MAPE, ≤10%) and Lin’s Concordance Coefficient (CCC, ρ≥0.7) were used to validate the device’s repetitions counts in all exercises compared to the criterion reference manual count. Dependent T-tests determined differences (p≤0.05). RESULTS: No devices were considered valid (meeting both the threshold for MAPE and CCC) for measuring repetition counts during front squats (MAPE range: 3.0-18.5% and CCC range: 0.27-0.68, p value range: 0.00-0.94), reverse lunge (MAPE range: 44.5-67.0% and CCC range: 0.19-0.31, p value range: 0.00-0.28), push-ups (MAPE range: 12.5-67.5% and CCC range: 0.10-0.34, p value range: 0.07-0.83), and shoulder press (MAPE range: 18.0-51.0% and CCC range: 0.11-0.43, p value range: 0.00-0.79) exercises. CONCLUSION: The wearable wrist-worn devices were not considered accurate for repetition counts and thus manual counting should be utilized. People who strength train using free weights will need to wait for either improved repetition counting algorithms or increased sensitivity of devices before this measure can be obtained with confidence.

Authors: Joseph Holmes. Mentors: Jared Nielsen. Insitution: Brigham Young University. BACKGROUND Anosognosia is characterized by a stroke victim’s inability to acknowledge their acquired physical deficits. Such patients could believe they can operate their limbs normally even when they cannot. Patients will often attribute other reasons to explain their deficit (unwillingness to move, a sprain, arthritis, etc).Previous research has reported damage from various brain areas, including several fronto-temporal-parietal areas, insula, and subcortical regions. Many studies suggest that the deficit is caused from impaired sensory feedback coupled with spared motor intentions, which involves premotor, sensory-motor regions, basal ganglia, temporal-parietal junction, insular cortex, and prefrontal cortex. The objective of this study is to confirm the involvement of these brain areas. It is also to identify other possible networks that could contribute to the development of AHP. METHODSWe performed a literature review for case studies of patients presenting with anosognosia for hemiplegia (n=17). The majority of cases were attributed to ischemic stroke (n=15) while the others resulted from hemorrhagic stroke. Lesion network mapping analysis was performed on the 17 lesions with a large cohort of healthy control resting-state scans (n=1000). RESULTSThe main regions to which the lesions were functionally connected included the right transverse temporal gyrus (n=17) and the anterior left insula (n=17). It is also important to note that the lesion networks were found to be negatively correlated with a few areas in the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONFurther research should be done to investigate the involvement of specific areas of the prefrontal cortex in AHP. Some regions in the prefrontal cortex may be negatively correlated; however, past research suggests a positive correlation of other prefrontal regions. It is important that clinicians understand the lesion networks of AHP, as it will guide them to treat patients more effectively. Interventions such as transcranial brain stimulation could become more beneficial to patients, as clinicians will know specific areas of the brain to stimulate to mitigate symptoms of AHP.

Authors: Spencer Hawes, Katya Hulse, McKay Knowlton, Landon Deru, Bruce Bailey. Mentors: Bruce Bailey. Insitution: Brigham Young University. The aim of this study is to understand how the macronutrient composition of the fast-initiating meal influences glucose regulating hormones in older, sedentary, and abdominally obese adults. Insulin, amylin, and glucagon were measured immediately before and after a 24-hour fast, as well as 48 hours after fast initiation. Understanding these outcomes will inform fasting protocols such as time restricted eating and alternate day fasting, which offer potential long-term health benefits. 16 participants (7 male, 9 female) each completed two 24-hour fasts consuming only water. In random order, one fast began with a high carb shake and the other with a low carb shake of equal calories, volume and fiber density. After each fast, participants lived and ate normally and then returned 24 hours later. Venous blood draws were taken at hours 0, 1, 24, and 48 to monitor levels of insulin, amylin, and glucagon. There was a significant condition by time interaction for insulin (F = 4.08, P < 0.01), amylin (F = 3.34, P = 0.02) and glucagon (F = 7.93, P < 0.01). Insulin (P = 0.02) and amylin (P = 0.01) were higher and glucagon lower (P = 0.05) after consuming the high carbohydrate shake compared to the low carbohydrate shake. There was no difference, however, between conditions for insulin, glucagon or amylin at 0, 24 and 48 hours.

Authors: Alex Jarvis, Brooklyn Flowers, June Oaks, Sadie North. Mentors: Tyson Harmon. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Background: Dual tasks have been found to negatively affect language production for people with and without aphasia (Harmon et al., 2023). For people with aphasia (PWA) specifically, previous research suggests that limited working memory or attentional capacity contributes to their difficulty with language tasks (Harmon et al., 2019; Pompon et al., 2015; King & Karen 1996; Obermeyer et al., 2020). One common situation in which communication occurs within a dual task environment is talking while driving. Investigating how talking while driving impacts spoken language could help us better understand how to facilitate both safer driving behaviors and improved communication among friends and family while driving. Longer-term, this understanding can springboard further research addressing assessment and intervention practices in aphasia, which better reflect communication in daily life. Original findings related to speech acoustics revealed that talking while driving led to increased speech intensity and decreased speech time ratios (Glenn, 2017; Simmons, 2016). The potential impact of these driving tasks on spoken language, however, has not been investigated. For the present study, we will conduct a secondary analysis of language samples produced across the aforementioned conditions to understand how they impact spoken language production. Method: Data for the present study was collected for a larger project with initial aims of investigating the impact of driving on speech acoustics (e.g., frequency, intensity). This project also investigated bidirectional interference between speech acoustics and driving as well as the effects of different conversational modalities (e.g., talking on the phone, in person, or through Bluetooth). Forty healthy adults who reported no speech, language, or hearing impairment participated in the study. Participants completed seven tasks, which were presented in a random order: driving without speaking, speaking on a hand-held cell phone, speaking on a hands-free phone, talking to a person next to them speaking on a hand-held cell phone while driving, speaking on a hands-free phone while driving, and talking to a person next to them while driving. Within each of these conditions, participants discussed a topic they selected from a list while completing these tasks. To analyze spoken language, we will first transcribe samples orthographically. These transcriptions will then be coded for lexical-phonological, morphosyntactic, and macro-linguistic errors. Parametric statistical analysis will be used to compare across different age groups. Anticipated Results: We hypothesize that participants will demonstrate increased errors in conditions that involve talking while driving (i.e., dual task conditions) than in conditions that involve talking alone (i.e., single task conditions). Previous research suggests dual-tasking has a negative effect on language including lexical and phonological errors even in non-aphasic participants (Harmon et al., 2023). In this study, we would expect more lexical-phonological (e.g., fillers, revisions, repetitions) and macro-linguistic (e.g., aposiopesis) errors during dual task conditions. For future studies involving PWA’s, we would expect more impaired language in dual-task activities than those without aphasia.

Authors: ANNA EDLER, RYAN KUNKLER, CASEY WEBB, JACOB MANNING, MARCUS M LAWRENCE. Mentors: Marcus Lawrence. Insitution: Southern Utah University. Climbing (sport and bouldering) has become a very popular hobby for people all over the globe.Now that climbing is an Olympic sport the need for understanding best training practices through evidence, not anecdotal experience, has grown. Using the International Rock Climbing Research Association (IRCRA) individual grading scale based on route completion difficulty,some research has shown that upper limb strength is important for individuals to progress from recreational/intermediate to more advanced/elite levels. However, many studies use non-sportspecific measurements (i.e., hand dynamometer versus a finger climbing hold) and none have assessed rate of force development (RFD) or lower body strength contributions. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that compared to recreational/intermediate climbers advanced climbers would have greater dominant and non-dominant upper-body strength and finger RFD as well as lower body compound strength. METHODS: Nineteen subjects (n=8 female and n=11 male;age: 24.7±7.5 yrs; height: 177.6±7.8 cm; mass: 76.0±14.9 kg; IRCRA Sport Grade: 14.1±6.7; n=10 intermediate, n=9 advanced) completed this study. During a single session, following a standardized 3-5 min. warm-up all participants dominant and non-dominant finger strength andRFD (using a Tindeq dynamometer load cell attached via static rope to a 20mm edge) as well as shoulder strength (using the same Tindeq load cell with a static rope attached to an olympic ring), and lower-body compound strength (isometric mid-thigh pull using G-strengthdynamometer load cell attached to a straight bar with a static rope) were assessed. Three trials were done on each measurement with 1 min. between trials and 3-5 min. between tests. Unpaired t-tests determined differences, p<0.05. RESULTS: Across every measurementadvanced climbers had significantly (p<0.05) higher values for absolute and relative (normalized to body weight, BW) measurements. As absolute and non-dominant results were similar we onlyreport dominant relative results, where appropriate. Indeed, compared to intermediate climbers advanced climbers had significantly higher relative dominant finger RFD (9.9±3.7 vs 20.8±9.4N/s*BW -1 ), finger strength (0.5±0.1 vs 0.7±0.3 kg/BW), shoulder strength (0.7±0.2 vs 0.9±0.2 kg/BW), as well as relative compound strength (1.8±0.4 vs 2.6±0.7 kg/BW, respectively). CONCLUSION: Advanced climbers have larger absolute and relative RFD in their fingers,stronger dominant and non-dominant fingers and shoulders, as well as stronger lower body compound strength. Thus, individuals looking to progress from recreational/intermediate climbing grades to advanced/elite should focus on improving total body absolute and relative strength as well as finger RFD.

Authors: Amanda Carlson. Mentors: Bradford Berges. Insitution: Brigham Young University. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes AIDS and is one of the most studied viruses in history. HIV is a retrovirus that has two copies of a single stranded RNA genome. While there is in-depth understanding of the virus and its pathogenesis, no completely effective treatment or vaccine exists. One potential target for therapeutic treatment of HIV is Viral Protein R (Vpr). Vpr is a multi-functional accessory protein encoded by the HIV genome. While HIV is a quickly mutating virus, the vpr gene remains relatively conserved. Mutations in this protein dramatically impact the rate of AIDS progression compared to the wild type (WT) version of Vpr. The Vpr polymorphism R77Q is associated with the Long Term Non Progressor (LTNP) phenotype. Regular AIDS onset is 5-7 years for WT virus and 10 or more years for R77Q. These differences in AIDS progression have been observed in vivo by following people with HIV over time. We have successfully shown that R77Q activates G2 cell cycle arrest more efficiently than WT followed by apoptosis, a death mechanism with less inflammation compared to necrosis. While the molecular mechanism of Vpr-induced apoptosis is known, it is not yet determined why point mutations in Vpr are changing levels of apoptosis. With further experimentation, we have shown that R77Q has decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to WT virus, which may explain why it is associated with the LTNP phenotype. The functions of Vpr come from binding and modifying cellular proteins and enzymes. The focus of our research is to determine what molecular interactions change between Vpr mutants to better understand the shifts in apoptotic levels. Vpr can be found intracellularly in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria and extracellularly in secreted proteins and within virions. We will determine Vpr concentration in these various locations for both WT Vpr and the R77Q mutant, starting by measuring extracellular Vpr. To quantify virion-associated Vpr, we have designed a research plan. We will use WT-Vpr plasmids tagged by GFP to create GFP-tagged plasmids with either WT, R77Q or null mutations using site-directed mutagenesis. We will use Sanger sequencing for confirmation of the proper Vpr mutations tagged by GFP. We will then digest the plasmid DNA, leaving only the Vpr-GFP component and use PCR to amplify the sequences. We will transfect null virus plasmid (NL4-3) and Vpr-GFP plasmids into HEK cells to package the null virus and Vpr-GFP plasmids together to create active HIV particles. Using these virus particles, we will infect Hut-78 cells for a short time to allow the virion to enter the cells. We will then measure GFP fluorescence via flow cytometry, allowing us to quantify virion Vpr. This will be run alongside a mock infection as a control. We hypothesize that differences in virion Vpr concentrations exist among Vpr mutants. Through these experiments, we aim to discover more about the role Vpr plays in cell death by apoptosis and contribute to the existing literature exploring the importance of Vpr in HIV-1.

Authors: Aksel Anderson, Lindsay Rupp, Anna Busatto, Rob MacLeod. Mentors: Rob MacLeod. Insitution: University of Utah. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, and one of the most impactful subsets is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD occurs when an obstruction(s) in the arteries fails to supply the heart with sufficient blood flow, ultimately resulting in tissue death. Understanding the geometric structure of the heart’s vasculature can provide insight into the development of CAD. However, previous research has only captured vasculature geometries for the main coronary branches, neglecting the downstream vasculature. Therefore, capturing the downstream vasculature would offer researchers a more comprehensive model to study CAD. Our study developed a method to efficiently obtain subject-specific, comprehensive vasculature geometries. First, we obtained five computed tomography (CT) scans of explanted porcine hearts with the coronaries highlighted via a contrast agent. From these CT images, we developed a novel method to efficiently capture the vasculature geometry of each subject. Once we obtained the final geometries, we computed two metrics to determine the extent of the captured vasculature: (1) the number of vessel segments and (2) the smallest vessel radius. We obtained an average vessel segment count of approximately 169 +/- 63 vessels and a smallest vessel radius of approximately 0.44 +/- 0.15 mm. We were able to successfully capture vessels over 85% smaller than the largest porcine coronary artery with a radius of approximately 3.5 mm. Our methodology will help researchers and clinicians obtain comprehensive vascular geometries to enhance the study and treatment of CAD.

Authors: Korina Ziegler, Aaron McKenzie, Wesley Ziegler, Spencer Maxwell, Bryson Carrier, Charli Aguilar, Alexandra Routsis, Talon Thornton, Jae Bovell, Setareh Star Zarei, Devin Green, Amanda Hawkes, Jeffrey C Cowley, Merrill Funk, James Navalta, Marcus M Lawrence. Mentors: Marcus Lawrence. Insitution: Southern Utah University. ACSM has again determined that resistance training (RT) and outdoor activities are two of the top ten worldwide fitness trends for 2023. We previously found that RT outdoors had a significantly lower perception of effort (RPE) compared to indoor RT, despite no physiological differences in heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE). However, no study has examined other feelings during RT in indoor or outdoor settings. PURPOSE: To determine how indoor or outdoor environments effect perceptions of fatigue and physical activity enjoyment following RT in recreationally resistance trained adults. METHODS: Twenty-three adult participants (n=10 female, n=13 male) completed this study. The Visual Analog Scale Fatigue (VAS-F) measured perceived fatigue and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale – Short Version (PACES-S) measured PA enjoyment, and both were measured at baseline and then immediately following an acute session of indoor or outdoor RT. HR was obtained from a chest strap (Polar H10) and EE from a Portable Metabolic Cart (COSMED K5). Randomly in indoor and outdoor settings, participants completed 4 supersets of the reverse lunge and shoulder press exercises using dumbbells at a light (2 sets) and moderately heavy (2 sets) intensity with 1 superset of 6 repetitions per exercise and 1 min rest between supersets. A paired T-test (for HR & EE comparisons) or one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak post-hoc test (for VAS-F & PACES-S comparisons) were used to determine differences (p<0.05). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between indoor and outdoor RT for the physiological variables of average HR (129.4±17.2 and 127.75±23.3 bpm, respectively, p=0.66) and EE (30.6±11.5 and 28.3±9.9 kcals, respectively, p=0.06). Perceived fatigue significantly (p<0.0001) increased from baseline (1.13±0.94 arbitrary units, AU’s) following indoor (4.54±1.91 AU’s) and outdoor (3.99±1.54 AU’s) RT, but no environmental differences (p=0.36) were observed. PA enjoyment was not significantly (p range: 0.27-0.93) different between baseline (18.73±1.83 AU’s) and following indoor (18.18±1.99 AU’s) or outdoor (18.36±1.99 AU’s) RT. CONCLUSION: In recreationally resistance trained adults, moderately heavy superset RT in indoor or outdoor settings does not alter perceived fatigue or physical activity enjoyment.

Authors: Gabe Matthews, Easton Eddie. Mentors: Jennifer Meyer. Insitution: Utah Tech University. Diabetes is a prevalent chronic health condition associated with significant complications, including diabetic kidney disease. The accumulation of elevated glucose levels in cells triggers an upregulation of NADPH Oxidase (NOX) expression, contributing to diabetic kidney disease. NOX activation results in an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing oxidative stress and cellular proliferation. Pterostilbene, recognized for its natural antioxidant properties, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing oxidative stress across various cell types. This study focuses on elucidating the NOX pathways in endothelial cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions and assessing the extent of oxidative stress reduction with the introduction of pterostilbene. To quantify cellular oxidative stress, we will employ an Amplex Red assay to measure superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels within the cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) will also be utilized to assess NOX protein gene expression at the mRNA level. To complement these methods, a western blot analysis is conducted to quantify NOX protein concentrations under distinct environmental conditions. Our research aims to shed light on the potential of pterostilbene as a therapeutic agent in mitigating oxidative stress associated with hyperglycemic conditions in endothelial cells.

Authors: Hazel Ticas, Daniel Scott. Mentors: Daniel Scott. Insitution: Utah Valley University. The COVID-19 pandemic’s results, though highly publicized throughout its early years, fell out of the media’s attention over time. Despite the lower volume of media coverage, the effects of the pandemic remain ongoing. In an effort to maintain accurate information about the most current impacts of COVID-19, this study will review relative COVID-19 case amounts compared to population density for four populations during the omicron peak between the years of 2021 and 2022.. The four populations are: counties in New York, United States; counties in California, United States; a collection of the largest counties from the other 48 United States, and the states in Sweden. The population density for each of the four populations was corrected using Google Maps in order to eliminate areas that didn’t have any residents, but were part of the county or state boundaries. Boundaries have been defined as anything thats stops the spread of COVID-19, said boundary can be geographical or self-isolation. We aim to analyze the data trends of how Omicron spreads in relation to population density and boundary effects by comparing the ratio of virus spreadability to boundaries on each population. The goal is to create a model that can be applied to COVID-19.