Author(s): Carlyn Jenkins
Mentor(s): Crystal Koenig
Institution SUU
This research examines the evolution of the representation of non-human primates in fiction films from the early 1900s to the present. Understanding the history and trajectory of these films could enable better welfare standards for primate actors, and may influence conservation strategies for wild primates. Previous research indicates that when audiences consume media with anthropomorphized primates, it leads to acceptance of primate pets and misunderstandings regarding the endangered status of many primates. This research aims to understand how primates are depicted in fiction films, and to discern historical patterns in representation. Specifically, we expected that: 1) modern films would show a decrease in anger and violence directed at primates; 2) older films would contain higher inaccuracies in describing primates; and 3) more recent films would have more primate screen time. Fiction films were included in the dataset based on the following criteria; 1) A primate must appear on screen for 10% of the movie; 2) films must not be amateur-made or animated; and 3) films must have been made between 1900 and 2024. Forty-four films have been screened so far, with additional data collection ongoing. Four themes have become apparent. First, violence towards primates continues in modern films despite our expectation of greater respect for animals in recent years. Secondly, heavy use of scientific jargon about primates creates an air of authority in primate storylines, despite widespread inaccuracies in describing and discussing primates. Third, inaccuracies were consistent throughout sampling. Common inaccuracies include primates commonly originating from incorrect places, calling an ape a monkey, incorrect diet depictions, and overestimating cognitive abilities. Finally, an unexpected finding was that the majority of primate depictions fell into one of two categories: primates were typically depicted as either harmless, adorable, comedic relief (e.g. Gibby, Dunston Checks In) or as dangerous, violent creatures posing a threat to humans (e.g. Blood Monkey, Monkey Shines). While primates can be both harmless and violent at different moments, this dichotomy disregards the majority of primate behavior in which they are behaving neutrally in their native habitats, engaging in the natural behaviors that take up the majority of their time, such as eating and sleeping. These themes spread misinformation about endangered and threatened animals, leading to a potential reluctance to support their conservation. The results of this research may help to inform standards for primate actors’ welfare and have broader implications for how representations of primates impact conservation attitudes.