2020 Abstracts

Jackson, Gregory (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Jackson, Gregory (Utah Valley University, Integrated Studies)

The United States has a significant interest in Mexico as our ally, top trading partner and our neighbor. Current relations between both states remains friendly, however tensions have increased over trade disputes, tariffs, immigration and border security issues. Currently, securing the border between the U.S. and Mexico has become a major focus but is primarily based off stereotypes on Immigration policies and the negative perspectives of Mexico regarding their economics, politics and stability. It is critical to understand the fundamental structure and culture of Mexico in order to work on policies that will protect both Mexico and U.S. security as well as strengthen our relations rather than divide our countries. if we continue to look at the colonization of Mexico as the same process or similar to that of the U.S., we mistakenly ignore key elements that affect Mexico's current economy, society and politics resulting in strains on relations and cooperation between both nations. While looking at the foundations of Mexico's history and the imprint of Spain's influence, we will effectively show the weight of Mexico's development in comparison to that of the U.S. and the affects this has on National Security policies between the two countries.

Beatson, Bridget; Bolanos, Diana; Jackson, Corinne (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Vargis, Elizabeth (College of Engineering, Biological Engineering Department)

Origami, traditionally known as the art of paper folding, is not limited solely to paper media. The concepts used in folding paper can also apply to more pliable materials such as fabric. As with paper, different fabric-based origami designs exhibit properties such as shape compliance, increased surface area per unit volume, and selective stiffness. This study explores selected fold patterns in various incontinence product fabrics, aiming to increase fluid wicking performance and thus reduce sag due to saturation. The most suitable materials from various adult incontinence product brands were tested then utilized to develop new concepts for integration into an innovative and revolutionizing product. For the liquid dispersion layer, the concept of pleated fabric was incorporated into the design, mimicking the origami characteristics of peaks and valleys. Tests were performed on suitable materials to measure the spread of fluid in the modified layer as would be actuated by human urination. Final results from this testing indicated significantly broader dispersion of the synthetic urine utilized for testing as compared to that of the unmodified materials. When incorporated into a final product, this would allow for larger distribution of the fluid, thus increasing the product's holding capacity and enabling a more even distribution of the weight of the fluid, helping to reduce sag. This result could greatly increase the comfort and functionality of adult incontinence products.

Clayton, Abigail (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Horrocks, Jamie (Humanities, English)

Prior to its public auction in 1847, Shakespeare's Birthplace—the home where he was born on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon—was passed down through various private owners and their tenants who turned the property into an inn and a butcher shop. A mere sign indicated that "Shakespeare was born here." By this point in time, Shakespeare's literary influence permeated both Europe and America, but his status as a cultural icon was not strongly associated with the physical space of his home. However, this was about to change. In 1842, P.T. Barnum, the American showman of circus fame, was touring England with "The Greatest Show on Earth" when he went to visit Shakespeare's home. Five years later, as he was always on the lookout for more "oddities" to add to his menagerie, the public auction of the Birthplace caught his interest, and he could not resist making an offer. This attempt by a foreign invader to "steal Shakespeare" inflamed the British public and sparked debates regarding the cultural ownership of the great playwright. Among leaders of these debates was Charles Dickens, who initiated a series of events across England in an attempt to raise enough money to reclaim Shakespeare for the British people. Although Barnum and Dickens never met in person, the way in which nineteenth-century media manipulated their celebrity personas and followings reveals the way in which transatlantic celebrity was crucial to the formation of Shakespeare as a British heritage icon. The cultural warfare between the two, as represented by sensationalist journalism of the time, started debates over the appropriation of Shakespeare as a symbol of national heritage and identity that have lasted into the twenty-first century.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; U.S. Department of State; The Walk Free Foundation; The Borgen Project; Ling, Bonny; (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Guo, Li (College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Languages, Philosophy and Communication Studies Department)

It is a historical fact that human trafficking for the purposes of sex and forced marriage has been a cancer in societies and civilizations throughout the history of the world. China has a well documented history of trafficking women for the purpose of forced marriage. The main objective of this research is to investigate trends found in the forced marriage markets of China from the rise of Mao Zedong in the mid-twentieth century until 2019. The author used interviews with victims of the forced marriage markets in China as well as secondary data collected from NGOs and watchdog organizations, government publications, and relevant journals. My findings are significant because they illuminate patterns and trends that governmental and non-governmental organizations can use to identify high risk populations and to take action on educating and protecting women who are at high risk of being forced into marriage in China.

Alanizy, Malak (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Arnold, Kristen (Weber State University, Interior Design Technology)

Youth impact is a unique organization serving kids who is dealing with poverty, drugs, incarceration of a parent, gang influences and the general needs of that child for the day. By giving them the education and skills necessary to succeed and prosper. The design of the building needs to function while supporting various programs including family support, learning clubs, arts for spirituality, and training. Improving the func-tionality of the interior spaces of the organization will be the focus of the project.
Color will assist in defining the psychological functioning of end users because "color in interior design can be more easily personalized, strongly interacts with the color of other decorating objects, and its pleasantness could affect home attachment." (Marco, Sergio, Mattia, & Iacopo, 2018).
Designating areas where students can engage in a variety of short, instructional activities and other areas where student can work without interruption. "If there is too much structure set in place it can stifle creativity, and if there is not enough structure it can lead to distractions and little focus." (Ryan Hannah 2013).
By addressing the physical needs of the students in the classroom will be designed to conceptualize and monitor the academic, emotional, and behavioral needs of students experiencing child traumatic stress. "The cognitive and psychological effects of trauma exposure are paired with difficulties in academic and social functioning." (Kassandra Reker 2016).
Overall, Project Bloom Village at Youth Impact implementing fundamental elements and principles of design with sound research will provide a well-designed space to simplify the mission of the organization.

Park, Yeram; Lin, Jade; Ross, Micah; Stark, Michael; (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Stark, Michael (Life Sciences, Physiological and Developmental Biology); Hansen, Marc (Life Sciences, Physiological and Developmental Biology)

Neural tube defects (NTDs), which result from failure to close the neural tube during embryonic development, are one of the most widespread and common congenital malformations. Variance in these malformations can range from anencephaly (failure of the neural tube to close on the cranial end) to spina bifida (failure of closure on the posterior/dorsal end). Over the years, scientists have explored this field and have found different environmental factors that may attribute to the likelihood of NTDs. Some of these include fumonisin, valproic acid and more recently discovered, ceramide. To help counter NTDs, studies have shown that folic acid supplementation given to pregnant women has reduced the risk of NTDs and this has become a recommended suggestion by doctors. With its known preventative effects, this study aims to determine whether the preventative effects of folic acid can counter the harmful effects of fumonisin, valproic acid, or ceramide.

Bird, Devin; Nufer, Teresa; Wu, Bridget; Edwards, Jeffrey (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Edwards, Jeffrey (Brigham Young University, Physiology and Developmental Biology)

Drug addiction is a consequence of neural plasticity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an area of the brain's reward system, in which higher levels of dopamine are expressed. Research suggests that decreased activity of inhibitory _-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the VTA could be the cause of increased activity of dopaminergic cells in the VTA, and thus mediate opiate addiction (Tan). However, not much additional research has been performed to evaluate the plasticity of VTA GABA neurons and the role they play in addiction. Why are VTA GABAergic cells being inhibited and how? We hypothesize that inhibitory inputs onto GABA neurons in the VTA directly affect the degree of inhibition of VTA dopaminergic cells. Additionally, we hypothesize that GABAergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a source input that extends into the VTA and inhibits VTA GABAergic neurons. We believe that inhibition from these LH neurons induces plasticity of VTA GABAergic neurons.

Through the use of optogenetics we have been able to isolate precise GABAergic pathways that lead into the VTA. Specifically, we have isolated input sources from the LH. These optogenetic experiments, in combination with electrophysiology, have allowed us to measure the specific effects that LH GABA neurons have on VTA GABA neurons. Currently, our data suggests that LH GABAergic cells do induce long-term depression (LTD) in VTA GABAergic cells, however, it is too soon to make any conclusions. Although experiments are still underway, we believe that LH GABAergic neurons play an important role in the drug addiction pathway by inhibiting VTA GABAergic neurons and inducing plasticity.

Pugh, Sam; Valentine, Julie; Miles, Leslie (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Valentine, Julie (Brigham Young University, College Of Nursing); Miles, Leslie (Brigham Young University, College of Nursing)

Rape is generally recognized as a sexual assault by a male perpetrator to a female victim. However, sexual assault is a crime that affects all genders. Although the majority of rapes are male to female, current findings indicate that one in seventy-one men will be raped in their lifetime. Over time, research has recognized the psychological effects and underreporting that ail male rape victims. However, very little has been reported regarding short tandem repeat (STR) DNA findings from sexual assault kits of male victim rapes. These STR DNA profiles prove to be highly influential in the detainment and prosecution of perpetrators. After an extensive search for earlier publications concerning the topic, only three articles were found to have relative correlation to this topic. Current best practice is to obtain STR DNA profiles from sexual assault kit samples to enter into the FBI Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate DNA analysis findings from 266 sexual assault kits collected from male sexual assault victims and compare predictors for the development of CODIS-eligible STR DNA profiles of male victims to female victims. Our study methodology is an exploratory, retrospective design to identify male rape victims from a sample size of 5,758 victims who received sexual assault forensic examinations with sexual assault kit evidence collection. Approximately 5% of the victims in our study were male (N=266). Male victims were found to have more physical or mental impairments. Male victim cases revealed significantly less development of STR DNA profiles and CODIS-eligible DNA profiles of the perpetrator (p=.007). Due to low STR DNA profile yields and increased targeting of mentally impaired or otherwise vulnerable male victims, we must improve our response to male victims to ensure justice to all victims of sexual assault.

McRae, Elisa; Solis Leal, Antonio; Giler, Noemi; Karlinsey, Dalton; Quaye, Abraham; Berges, Bradford (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Berges, Bradford (Brigham Young University, Microbiology and Molecular Biology)

HIV-1 infects CD4 T-cells by inserting its genome into a cell's genetic sequence. CRISPR technology allows for gene editing within the cell, causing a break in DNA sequences targeted by specific guide RNAs. Plasmids encoding CRISPR and guide RNA (gRNA) genes, in the context of lentiviral delivery vectors, will be transfected to produce two lentiviral vectors. In vitro experiments include human T cells that will be transduced with the lentiviral vectors and analyzed with flow cytometry to determine cells that express CRISPR and gRNAs. These cells will then be sorted to create a population of cells that express both the CRISPR and gRNA genes and will then be infected with the NL4-3 strain of HIV. For in vivo experiments, human hematopoietic stem cells will be transduced with the lentivirus vectors, after which they will be transplanted into humanized mice, thus producing a human-like immune system for testing the efficacy of our anti-HIV approach. After the human immune system has sufficiently developed in the mice, HIV-1 will be introduced. We expect that human immune cells with CRISPRs will be protected against HIV infection and death due to the use of gRNAs. These cells are postulated to no longer be susceptible to HIV-1 infection, thus preventing further cell lineages from becoming infected. We will analyze data for three main endpoints: 1. Cell killing of HIV, 2. HIV rebound due to the high mutation rate of the virus, 3. Amount of HIV replication, examined by assessing the viral RNA outside of cells using Q-RT-PCR. Data from this project will support whether cells transfected with CRISPR and guide RNAs offer cell lineages that adequately disrupt the HIV-1 genome. Efforts of this study hope to address HIV infection in humans following trials with humanized mice.

Mitchell, Emily (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Arnold, Kristen (Engineering, Applied Science & Technology, Interior Design)

The design in this space will be used to keep the building fresh and calm with all of the changing that will be happening. This non-profit is here to help out women who are running from abusive relationships. Union Station is large enough so that they can house many different families or individuals. Giving them a space where they can get checkup when they are too afraid. There will be security in this locations so women will feel safe. (Aolain) There will be checkup rooms as well as therapy rooms where they can talk with someone private. There will be plenty of space to sleep for everyone that comes into this facility. To create a sense of home is to give them a space where they can have their own time and own space. (Falk, Wijk and Persson) There will be a small cafe and small store where they can buy small items for themselves or for their children. There will be classrooms for both the women and the children where everyone can learn to better themselves. Using the calming color of soft blue and soft green the space will be there for the women. (Instablogs.com) It will help with their fears of the unknown. The space will reflect the way that the women want with their time at the location. To be happy and healthy with themselves or their families. The space will have energy efficiency for this historical building. (Martinez-Molina, Tort-Ausina and Cho).

Doman, Abby (Dixie State University)
Faculty Advisor: Wolfe, John (Dixie State University, Humanities)

Jean-Paul Sartre argues in his essay, “Writing for One’s Age,” that all pieces of literature are influenced by the time period they are written in. This essay takes Sartre’s argument and analyzes the select works from four American pragmatists – Charles Sanders Peirce, John Dewey, William James, and Richard Rorty – through this lens. I also review Sartre’s literature in the light of his own philosophy. By taking into consideration the impact of prominent ideas of each pragmatist’s time period, a conclusion can be drawn for which ideas are relevant for the age they were written for and which ideas are consistent for the human condition. Therefore, the philosophies of American pragmatists can be reexamined to eliminate the contamination of the historical context.

Evans, Justin; Murray, Cameron; Crowley, Bailey; Welker, Dennis; (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Welker, Dennis (College of Science, Biology Department)

In previous experiments, we explored the abilities of a set of newly derived vectors to transform Lactobacillus casei, specifically, the 32G and the A2-362 strains. We have now expanded our research to study the abilities of these vectors to transform additional Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus paracasei strain LPC-37 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain HN001. The vectors were transformed into the cells by electroporation, after which the cells were given a 4-hour incubation to allow expression of the erythromycin resistance gene carried on the vectors. The cells were then plated to MRS agar containing erythromycin and incubated for 2-3 days until colonies appeared. The colonies were counted and the transformation efficiencies for each vector tabulated as colony forming units per _g of vector DNA. These studies help us to understand how effective the vectors are at transforming different species of lactic acid bacteria. We can also start to ask why some vectors performed better in some bacterial strains than they did in other strains.

Maria Stokes (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Burnett, Brandon (Weber State University, Chemistry)

This paper considers the relationship between new technologies and the history of astronomy. Using a comparative framework, I show some of the ways in which new technological introductions alter scientific practice. I argue that this dynamic is a historical pattern. To make this case, I juxtapose two astrophysical developments: the invention and early uses of optical telescopes in the early seventeenth century, most famously by Galileo, and the introduction of gravitational wave detectors beginning with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). The former has been heavily examined by historians of science; the latter is almost exclusively of interest to astronomers and physicists. In constructing this comparison, I examine primary sources such as Galileo's Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Related to Two New Sciences and consult other commentaries on seventeenth-century astronomy, particularly remarking on the optics used in the Galilean telescope. I then provide a survey of gravitational wave astronomy. This comparative study evidences the importance of both empirical data and networks in the development of science. Such a conclusion is significant as it carries implications for the relationship between scientific and non-scientific communities.

Sanchez, Mary; Martin, Cayla; Butler, Jaimi; Parrott, David (Westminster College)
Faculty Advisor: Butler, Jaimi (Westminster College, Great Salt Lake Institute); Parrott, David (Westminster College, Biology)

The Great Salt Lake is one of the largest migratory stops for many species of birds in North America. Along the banks of the Great Salt Lake, at Rozel point, there are tar seeps, where some species of birds have gotten entrapped and died. These petroleum seeps are both naturally occurring and human created at Rozel Point. The temperature that the seeps become sticky, the possibility of prey animals drawing predators in, and the appearance of the tar seeps are all important aspects of why birds are drawn to these seeps. Using motion sensor cameras and temperature monitoring devices, the animals that are visiting the tar seeps and the temperature variation of the seeps were monitored. One of the largest human created oil wells at Rozel Point was recapped in January of 2019. The impacts of this recapping was monitored throughout the summer of 2019 to determine if there are fewer birds entrapped due to the reduction of oil escaping from the ground at this well.

Thornton, Sherie; Cardona,Rebecca (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Culumber, Michele (Weber State University, Microbiology); Oberg, Craig (Weber State University, Microbiology)

Lactobacillus wasatchensis was initially isolated from cheese produced at Utah State University and was found to be a Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria (NSLAB) that causes late-gas production in cheese that can damage packaging and produce defects in the cheese. The goal of this project was to locate an environmental reservoir for Lactobacillus wasatchensis. Five samples of silage that were in different stages of fermentation and content and raw milk samples were obtained at the Utah State University dairy. Samples were serially diluted, plated on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar supplemented with 1% D-Ribose (NRS-R) and incubated anaerobically for 5 days. Colonies that looked like potential Lb. wasatchensis were selected and regrown for isolation. All isolates were gram-positive rods. The isolates were further grown in broth for DNA extraction, sequencing, and analysis with API 50 carbohydrate panel (API 50CH). The API 50CH results were significantly different from Lb. wasatchensis, which only demonstrates use of ribose in this assay. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, however, produced a match to three isolates from two different silage samples that had 99% sequence identity to Lb. wasatchensis. Further analysis of the isolates is being done to confirm this finding and describe the organism isolated from the soil. We hypothesize that these organisms are very closely related to Lb. wasatchensis and that silage could be an environmental source of contamination.

Verstegan, Richard; Foxe, John; Arblaster, Paul (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Sand Alexa (Caine College of the Arts, General Studies (Arts)); Duncan, Jennifer

Horrifying and under scrutinized the Theatrum Crudelitatum Haereticorum Nostri Temporis (1587) depicts endless pages of sixteenth century torture methods inflicted upon Catholic martyrs, leaving sufficient room for questions waiting to be answered. The largest and most pressing question this book offers is why it was created. When exploring different conclusions to such a question it is important to understand the contextual history and nature of a rare object such as this. There is probable cause that this book was created in response to John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, which was published 24 years prior to the publication of the Theatrum Crudelitatum Haereticorum Nostri Temporis. It is also possible that the author of the Theatrum Crudelitatum, Richard Verstegan who was an Anglo-Dutch Catholic, was a propagandist supporting the idea that martyrdom was a form of resistance to oppression of religion at this point in history. There is sufficient evidence supporting this theory. In Foxe's Book of Martyrs there are limited illustrations of torture merthods where as in Verstegan's Theatrum Crudelitatum there is an overwhelming amount of vivid and equally horrifying engravings depitcing Catholics as weak. It is equally important to take a look into the author's personal history to gain more explanations for the creation of the Theatrum Crudelitatum Haereticorum Nostri Temporis. Richard Verstegan was an Anglo-Dutch Catholic that studied English at Oxford University without obtaining a degree. It is thought that he left due to his religious beliefs at the time. He was later a propagandist of Duke and Guise before settling in Antwerp, Belgium where he published and illustrated his work. This rare book even served as a precedent as to what happened to those not of the Protestant faith. The Theatrum Crudelitatum Haereticorum Nostri Temporis by Richard Verstegan was created for both personal reasons and propagandistic opportunity.

Call, Emily; Manesse, Alana (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Colton, Jared (College of Humanities and Social Sciences, English Department)

What visual rhetoric was used in the women's suffrage movement and how was it effective? There were many forms of persuasion in the women's suffrage movement, some of the greatest examples being the visual rhetoric. Rhetoric in this analysis will be defined as linguistic and visual elements crafted with the purpose to persuade the viewer to believe in the presented truth and to conform with the represented female identity. For this presentation we will focus on two political cartoons from the suffrage movement: one pro-suffrage piece, Henry Mayer's "The Awakening" (1915), and one anti-suffrage piece, "Looking Backward" by Laura E. Foster (1912). While suffrage is often discussed through a feminist lense, we will apply a cultural rhetoric analysis as our primary research method with supporting analysis coming from a feminist perspective. Our analysis will use cultural frameworks with a focus on the cultural theorist Stuart Hall. Cultural rhetoric focuses our analysis on the values and practices of English and American culture in the 20th century rather than solely looking at the object of analysis. In that context, we will examine the rhetorical strategies the artists use to craft arguments to persuade the viewer to accept the "truth" they are presenting. Through the comparison of opposing pieces of propaganda, we will also show that truth is relative to the viewer. Through Hall's frameworks, we will analyze ideas about fixed meaning in the images, female representation in a culture, and the audience's response to rhetoric. As we examine these particular elements in conjunction with cultural rhetoric, the audience will gain insight into how pro-suffrage and anti-suffrage propaganda used similar rhetorical techniques to persuade its viewers.

Andersen, Jacob (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: DeSchweinitz, Rebecca (Brigham Young University, History)

During the 1912 Lawrence, Massachusetts Textile Strike, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a speaker and organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), planned to address local workers at a Greek Catholic Church. Before she stepped to the pulpit, a local priest forbid her from speaking because she was a woman. She only spoke to the audience that night after she convinced the priest that she "spoke as an organizer, not as a woman." This incident hints at the complex and often contradictory role of gender in the IWW. Indeed, many scholars have argued that while the IWW preached universal human equality, in practice they maintained a limited, domestic vision for women. Francis Shor, in particular, has argues that the IWW's approach to gender constituted a kind of "virile syndicalism," in which their aggressive tactics were a form of "masculine posturing" in defiance of industrial capitalism. While an important insight about the role of gender in the IWW, few scholars have used his theory to understand women's experiences in the IWW. This paper will examine the role of gender in the IWW through the lives and experiences of three women: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Matilda Robbins, and Jane Street. All three women came from different backgrounds and made unique contributions to the IWW, yet the IWW's virile syndicalism circumscribed their activities within the bounds of the IWW's narrow gender ideology. The lives of these women suggest that virile syndicalism in the IWW limited the role of Wobbly women and curbed the IWW's ability to effectively organize workers in the long term. Indeed, the IWW notoriously struggled to maintain an organized base of workers; their distinctly gendered tactics may help explain why.