Life Sciences
Habitat Accessibility May Alter Mule Deer Activity Schedule in Response to Hunting Pressure
Stoner, David; Clark, Debbie; Bufton, Ali (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Stoner, David (S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Wildland Resources Department)
A challenge facing Utah mule deer is habitats with older shrubs and little to no regeneration of young plants, or habitats being replaced with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)—both in critical winter ranges. Forested habitats provide cover but when there is little understory, there isn't enough forage. Hunting funds the management of big game animals. If there is inadequate funding, there will not be funding for habitat. Thus population objectives will not be met. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) may alter activity schedule during the hunting season by selecting restricted hunter access areas, including agricultural lands. Here we test the hypothesis that deer alter activity schedules in space (accessible and WILD sites) and time in response to human presence. We defined WILD as being further than 100 meters away from a human or OHV trail, or road. Our research question asks if accessible roads have an effect on mule deer activity schedule in response to hunting pressure, as indexed by access differences. We predicted that increased human activity during the hunting season would cause reduced deer activity during daylight. We expect more deer detections in September, less in October (hunting season), and an increase in November during the rut. Spatially we expect higher buck detection rates in remote areas, with no change in activity schedule, or are active in the day. The study area is in the Bear River Range east of Logan, Utah. We are using Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) Sampling Design. We used camera trap data from October 2017 through December 2017 to measure (1) detection rates of bucks (photos/camera-day), and (2) activity times (diurnal, crepuscular, or nocturnal) by sex-age class. We controlled for habitat type by grouping cameras within common elevation bands and plant communities. Reduced hunter success may result in decreased hunting interest with economic implications for mule deer conservation.
Faculty Advisor: Stoner, David (S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Wildland Resources Department)
A challenge facing Utah mule deer is habitats with older shrubs and little to no regeneration of young plants, or habitats being replaced with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)—both in critical winter ranges. Forested habitats provide cover but when there is little understory, there isn't enough forage. Hunting funds the management of big game animals. If there is inadequate funding, there will not be funding for habitat. Thus population objectives will not be met. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) may alter activity schedule during the hunting season by selecting restricted hunter access areas, including agricultural lands. Here we test the hypothesis that deer alter activity schedules in space (accessible and WILD sites) and time in response to human presence. We defined WILD as being further than 100 meters away from a human or OHV trail, or road. Our research question asks if accessible roads have an effect on mule deer activity schedule in response to hunting pressure, as indexed by access differences. We predicted that increased human activity during the hunting season would cause reduced deer activity during daylight. We expect more deer detections in September, less in October (hunting season), and an increase in November during the rut. Spatially we expect higher buck detection rates in remote areas, with no change in activity schedule, or are active in the day. The study area is in the Bear River Range east of Logan, Utah. We are using Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) Sampling Design. We used camera trap data from October 2017 through December 2017 to measure (1) detection rates of bucks (photos/camera-day), and (2) activity times (diurnal, crepuscular, or nocturnal) by sex-age class. We controlled for habitat type by grouping cameras within common elevation bands and plant communities. Reduced hunter success may result in decreased hunting interest with economic implications for mule deer conservation.
How long is too long? Developing CODIS eligible profiles from sexual assault evidence collection
Lauren Schagel; Julie Valentine; Leslie Miles (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Valentine, Julie (Brigham Young University, Nursing); Miles, Leslie (Brigham Young University, Nursing)
Question: What is the impact of time between assault and evidence collection on the development of CODIS eligible DNA profiles?
Learning Overview/Synopsis: After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the length of time between sexual assault and evidence collection can be extended to five to six days post-assault and develop an eligible STR DNA profile.
Impact on the Forensic Science Community: This presentation will impact the forensic community by providing individuals with knowledge about the length of time in which victims can receive a sexual assault forensic examination (SAFE) to obtain a DNA profile of their perpetrator.
Synopsis/Abstract: The methodology of the study is an exploratory, retrospective design of over 2,700 submitted and analyzed sexual assault kits from a Mountain West state in the United States. Review of the current literature on time between assault and evidence collection indicate male DNA (Y-STR DNA) can be recovered up to 7 days post-coitus from a cervico-vaginal swab and develop a Y-STR profile.
Findings: In our large-scale, retrospective study of 2,727 sexual assault kits, probative STR DNA CODIS eligible profiles were developed in 39% of kits. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression analysis found that for every 24 hours that passes between assault and SAFE, there is a 10% reduction in the development of a CODIS eligible DNA profile. The longest length of time between assault and exam and development of CODIS eligible profile in our study was 122.5 hours, over 5 days. This finding supports the testing of DNA samples collected five to six days post sexual assault due to the possibility of developing a CODIS eligible profile.
Conclusion: This retrospective study is impactful due to large-scale of the sample size. The 2,727 sexual assault kits used in this study are representative of what sexual assault looks like in modern society.
Faculty Advisor: Valentine, Julie (Brigham Young University, Nursing); Miles, Leslie (Brigham Young University, Nursing)
Question: What is the impact of time between assault and evidence collection on the development of CODIS eligible DNA profiles?
Learning Overview/Synopsis: After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the length of time between sexual assault and evidence collection can be extended to five to six days post-assault and develop an eligible STR DNA profile.
Impact on the Forensic Science Community: This presentation will impact the forensic community by providing individuals with knowledge about the length of time in which victims can receive a sexual assault forensic examination (SAFE) to obtain a DNA profile of their perpetrator.
Synopsis/Abstract: The methodology of the study is an exploratory, retrospective design of over 2,700 submitted and analyzed sexual assault kits from a Mountain West state in the United States. Review of the current literature on time between assault and evidence collection indicate male DNA (Y-STR DNA) can be recovered up to 7 days post-coitus from a cervico-vaginal swab and develop a Y-STR profile.
Findings: In our large-scale, retrospective study of 2,727 sexual assault kits, probative STR DNA CODIS eligible profiles were developed in 39% of kits. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression analysis found that for every 24 hours that passes between assault and SAFE, there is a 10% reduction in the development of a CODIS eligible DNA profile. The longest length of time between assault and exam and development of CODIS eligible profile in our study was 122.5 hours, over 5 days. This finding supports the testing of DNA samples collected five to six days post sexual assault due to the possibility of developing a CODIS eligible profile.
Conclusion: This retrospective study is impactful due to large-scale of the sample size. The 2,727 sexual assault kits used in this study are representative of what sexual assault looks like in modern society.
Improved Synthetic Bioengineering Production of Polysaccharides and size-specific Oligosaccharides of Low Molecular Weight Heparosan, a Heparin Precursor
Garg, Varun (University of Utah)
Faculty Advisor: Balagurunathan, Kuberan (University of Utah, College of Pharmacy; Medicinal Chemistry)
Heparin is a widely-used blood anticoagulant medicine that is used in surgeries and in treatment of circulatory system illnesses. Heparin is currently harvested from live pigs before they are slaughtered. There are many problems with the current production process of heparin. On a chemical level, the drug can be easily and accidentally altered due to its complex chemical nature. In addition, the environmental impact of the pigs that need to be raised on farms and fed is immense. These reasons and more are why bioengineering approaches towards the artificial synthesis of Heparin need to be researched. One of the major obstacles in the synthesis of heparin is the production of Low Molecular Weight (LMW) Heparosan, a chemical precursor. The research goal is to find methods to increase LMW Heparosan yields to a point where those same yields can be used to conduct further exploration into Heparosan oligosaccharide precursors. These oligosaccharides are useful in further understanding heparin structure-function relationships and will eventually help in the goal to find a commercially viable, cost and time effective method of heparin production. Using shake flask bacterial cultures, LMW Heparosan was produced while adjusting variables such as bacterial density at induction and incubation time to maximize yield. Once a sufficient yield was obtained, oligosaccharide structures spliced from the LMW Heparosan were classified for further research. The initial shake flask experiments showed increased yield and purity of Heparosan for each successive trial. Further work is required to scale up production of LMW Heparosan to a mass-market synthetic Heparin but the research conducted shows a promising method to synthesize and improve yields to make that possible.
Faculty Advisor: Balagurunathan, Kuberan (University of Utah, College of Pharmacy; Medicinal Chemistry)
Heparin is a widely-used blood anticoagulant medicine that is used in surgeries and in treatment of circulatory system illnesses. Heparin is currently harvested from live pigs before they are slaughtered. There are many problems with the current production process of heparin. On a chemical level, the drug can be easily and accidentally altered due to its complex chemical nature. In addition, the environmental impact of the pigs that need to be raised on farms and fed is immense. These reasons and more are why bioengineering approaches towards the artificial synthesis of Heparin need to be researched. One of the major obstacles in the synthesis of heparin is the production of Low Molecular Weight (LMW) Heparosan, a chemical precursor. The research goal is to find methods to increase LMW Heparosan yields to a point where those same yields can be used to conduct further exploration into Heparosan oligosaccharide precursors. These oligosaccharides are useful in further understanding heparin structure-function relationships and will eventually help in the goal to find a commercially viable, cost and time effective method of heparin production. Using shake flask bacterial cultures, LMW Heparosan was produced while adjusting variables such as bacterial density at induction and incubation time to maximize yield. Once a sufficient yield was obtained, oligosaccharide structures spliced from the LMW Heparosan were classified for further research. The initial shake flask experiments showed increased yield and purity of Heparosan for each successive trial. Further work is required to scale up production of LMW Heparosan to a mass-market synthetic Heparin but the research conducted shows a promising method to synthesize and improve yields to make that possible.
Influenza and Cancer: Shared Pathways and the Potential for New/Repurposed Therapeutics.
Edvalson, Logan; Davis, Morgan; Busath, David (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Busath, David (Life Sciences, Physiology & Developmental Biology)
A significant research focus in influenza pathogenesis has been directed towards growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their respective phosphorylation cascades. Several recent studies have implicated RTK signaling cascades, that are classically associated with cancer, with increased viral titer. A portion of these studies have focused on early segments of the signaling cascade while others' efforts focus in the late segments. Experiments performed in our lab have identified two receptor pathways—PDGF and VEGF—that, when the receptor inhibited, reduces the efficiency of the influenza virus. These data were achieved using compounds, and variants of compounds, already approved for human use in cancer. Although the drug oseltamivir is already approved for influenza treatment, there is concern for the development of viral drug resistance. The introduction of several types of infection blockers similar to the ones identified by our, and others, laboratories can mitigate viral resistance; like the introduction of several types of antibiotics has reduced bacterial resistance. We hypothesize that these pathways work in multiple parts of the infection cycle ranging from viral endocytosis to the budding off of new virions. Experiments are now under way to determine the specific interactions in these pathways that are important in the viral life cycle.
Faculty Advisor: Busath, David (Life Sciences, Physiology & Developmental Biology)
A significant research focus in influenza pathogenesis has been directed towards growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their respective phosphorylation cascades. Several recent studies have implicated RTK signaling cascades, that are classically associated with cancer, with increased viral titer. A portion of these studies have focused on early segments of the signaling cascade while others' efforts focus in the late segments. Experiments performed in our lab have identified two receptor pathways—PDGF and VEGF—that, when the receptor inhibited, reduces the efficiency of the influenza virus. These data were achieved using compounds, and variants of compounds, already approved for human use in cancer. Although the drug oseltamivir is already approved for influenza treatment, there is concern for the development of viral drug resistance. The introduction of several types of infection blockers similar to the ones identified by our, and others, laboratories can mitigate viral resistance; like the introduction of several types of antibiotics has reduced bacterial resistance. We hypothesize that these pathways work in multiple parts of the infection cycle ranging from viral endocytosis to the budding off of new virions. Experiments are now under way to determine the specific interactions in these pathways that are important in the viral life cycle.
Methylmercury exposure in orb weaver spiders (Neoscona oaxacensis) on Antelope Island State Park
Faulkner, Megan; Stoneham, Lisa; Brasso, Rebecka (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Brasso, Rebecka (College of Science, Zoology)
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that poses significant health risks to humans and wildlife. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury (MeHg), is converted from its inorganic form via microbial methylation primarily in aquatic systems. Methylmercury is dangerous because it attaches to proteins in blood and muscle and biomagnifies in food webs. The goal of this project, is to determine mercury concentrations in western spotted orb weaver spiders (Neoscona oaxacensis) collected from two sites on Antelope Island State Park. Previous studies have shown orb weavers associated with the Great Salt Lake ecosystem to accumulate significant methylmercury, connecting the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through a shared food web. The Great Salt Lake surrounding Antelope Island has historically shown some of the highest levels of Hg in surface waters in the United States and has both an abundance of orb weaver spiders and their preferred prey—brine flies. We tested the hypothesis that mercury concentrations in orb weaver spiders would differ between two sites on the island based on differences in environmental conditions (salinity) in the water where brine flies develop. All spiders were sexed, weighed, and individually analyzed for total mercury concentration using a Nippon MA-3000 Direct Mercury Analyzer.
Faculty Advisor: Brasso, Rebecka (College of Science, Zoology)
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that poses significant health risks to humans and wildlife. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury (MeHg), is converted from its inorganic form via microbial methylation primarily in aquatic systems. Methylmercury is dangerous because it attaches to proteins in blood and muscle and biomagnifies in food webs. The goal of this project, is to determine mercury concentrations in western spotted orb weaver spiders (Neoscona oaxacensis) collected from two sites on Antelope Island State Park. Previous studies have shown orb weavers associated with the Great Salt Lake ecosystem to accumulate significant methylmercury, connecting the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through a shared food web. The Great Salt Lake surrounding Antelope Island has historically shown some of the highest levels of Hg in surface waters in the United States and has both an abundance of orb weaver spiders and their preferred prey—brine flies. We tested the hypothesis that mercury concentrations in orb weaver spiders would differ between two sites on the island based on differences in environmental conditions (salinity) in the water where brine flies develop. All spiders were sexed, weighed, and individually analyzed for total mercury concentration using a Nippon MA-3000 Direct Mercury Analyzer.
Parks and Recreation Administrators' Role in the Food Environment: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Spruance, Lori; Augustine, Madi (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Spruance, Lori (Life Sciences, Public Health)
Youth sport programs are an opportunity to increase physical activity, but the food environment may be detrimental to improving and maintaining health. From a previous study, parents indicated that they would like guidance and direction in a top-down approach from coaches and administrators; yet, understanding the administrator experience relative to the youth sports food environment remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to understand that experience. Semi-structured qualitative interviews will take place with administrators across the state of Utah. Interviews will be recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis will be conducted to identify salient themes. A peer-reviewed publication and multiple presentations will result from the study conducted.
Faculty Advisor: Spruance, Lori (Life Sciences, Public Health)
Youth sport programs are an opportunity to increase physical activity, but the food environment may be detrimental to improving and maintaining health. From a previous study, parents indicated that they would like guidance and direction in a top-down approach from coaches and administrators; yet, understanding the administrator experience relative to the youth sports food environment remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to understand that experience. Semi-structured qualitative interviews will take place with administrators across the state of Utah. Interviews will be recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis will be conducted to identify salient themes. A peer-reviewed publication and multiple presentations will result from the study conducted.
Drosophila melanogaster Determines Dietary Preference Through Volatile Detection
Walker, Carson; Burke, Tyler; Tanner, Call; Chaston, John (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Chaston, John (Brigham Young University, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Host-microbe interactions can dramatically influence Drosophila melanogaster phenotypes, but few studies have explained how these microbes are recognized by the host. For example, fruit flies from one area, Maine, prefer to consume diets inoculated with Lactic Acid Bacteria (LABs) over diets containing Acetic acid bacteria (AABs); whereas flies from another area, Florida, show no preference for either LAB or AAB. However, the bacterial mechanisms responsible for this preference are unknown. My follow-up analyses further suggest the hypothesis that Maine flies avoid AAB, rather than are attracted to LAB. Therefore, I propose a forward genetic approach to define the AAB processes that shape this fly preference. I will do this by comparing the feeding preferences of Maine and Florida flies to diets incorporated with LAB versus specific bacterial molecules, such as acetic acid, peptidoglycan, and lipopolysaccharides. Alternatively, if these molecules do not mediate the effects I will perform a metagenome wide association assay (MGWA) to identify genes linked to this preference. Together, these approaches will help to reveal the bacterial factors that influence fly feeding preferences.
Faculty Advisor: Chaston, John (Brigham Young University, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Host-microbe interactions can dramatically influence Drosophila melanogaster phenotypes, but few studies have explained how these microbes are recognized by the host. For example, fruit flies from one area, Maine, prefer to consume diets inoculated with Lactic Acid Bacteria (LABs) over diets containing Acetic acid bacteria (AABs); whereas flies from another area, Florida, show no preference for either LAB or AAB. However, the bacterial mechanisms responsible for this preference are unknown. My follow-up analyses further suggest the hypothesis that Maine flies avoid AAB, rather than are attracted to LAB. Therefore, I propose a forward genetic approach to define the AAB processes that shape this fly preference. I will do this by comparing the feeding preferences of Maine and Florida flies to diets incorporated with LAB versus specific bacterial molecules, such as acetic acid, peptidoglycan, and lipopolysaccharides. Alternatively, if these molecules do not mediate the effects I will perform a metagenome wide association assay (MGWA) to identify genes linked to this preference. Together, these approaches will help to reveal the bacterial factors that influence fly feeding preferences.
Ecology of Male Mating in Alfaro cultratus: Is morphology a response to the environment?
Mueller, Kaeli; Kaitlyn, Golden; Johnson, J.B. (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Johnson, Jerry (Brigham Young University, College of Life Sciences);
Human-induced changes to the environment are causing declines in many of the world's species. Studying model organisms, such as Poeciilidae fishes, can provide crucial information about a variety of other species (Johnson & Bagley, 2011). Alfaro, a monophyletic genus within the family Poeciilidae (Bagley & Johnson, 2014), has the potential to become an exemplary model species. There is currently much scientific knowledge about the two distinct reproductive tactics of Poeciliid males. However, studies about the presence of this trait are lacking for Alfaro. Therefore, I propose adding to the current knowledge about Alfaro cultratus by researching the presence of two distinct sets of traits that accompany different male reproductive tactics. The hypothesis is that male Alfaro will show similar physical characteristics to other Poeciliids, but that these traits will not differ across varying habitats. Measurements of deceased Alfaro specimens will be analyzed to identify differences in physical traits. This will be followed by a live experiment, in which the male size differential is expected to mirror that of the deceased specimens. This research will produce novel information about Alfaro cultratus because its life history strategies have yet to be described. Many intriguing evolution questions could follow.
References:
Bagley, J. C., & Johnson, J. B. (2014). Testing for shared biogeographic history in the lower Central American freshwater fish assemblage using comparative phylogeography: Concerted, independent, or multiple evolutionary responses? Ecology and Evolution, 4(9), 1686—1705.
Johnson, J. B., & Bagley, J. C. (2011). Ecology and Evolution of Poeciliid Fishes, Chapter 4, Ecological drivers of life-history divergence.
Faculty Advisor: Johnson, Jerry (Brigham Young University, College of Life Sciences);
Human-induced changes to the environment are causing declines in many of the world's species. Studying model organisms, such as Poeciilidae fishes, can provide crucial information about a variety of other species (Johnson & Bagley, 2011). Alfaro, a monophyletic genus within the family Poeciilidae (Bagley & Johnson, 2014), has the potential to become an exemplary model species. There is currently much scientific knowledge about the two distinct reproductive tactics of Poeciliid males. However, studies about the presence of this trait are lacking for Alfaro. Therefore, I propose adding to the current knowledge about Alfaro cultratus by researching the presence of two distinct sets of traits that accompany different male reproductive tactics. The hypothesis is that male Alfaro will show similar physical characteristics to other Poeciliids, but that these traits will not differ across varying habitats. Measurements of deceased Alfaro specimens will be analyzed to identify differences in physical traits. This will be followed by a live experiment, in which the male size differential is expected to mirror that of the deceased specimens. This research will produce novel information about Alfaro cultratus because its life history strategies have yet to be described. Many intriguing evolution questions could follow.
References:
Bagley, J. C., & Johnson, J. B. (2014). Testing for shared biogeographic history in the lower Central American freshwater fish assemblage using comparative phylogeography: Concerted, independent, or multiple evolutionary responses? Ecology and Evolution, 4(9), 1686—1705.
Johnson, J. B., & Bagley, J. C. (2011). Ecology and Evolution of Poeciliid Fishes, Chapter 4, Ecological drivers of life-history divergence.
Effect of Mercury Chloride and Methyl Mercury
Villanueva,Xitlalli; Berthelemy Nicole (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Berthelemy, Nicole (Weber State University, Zoology)
Introduction: Mercury, originating from mining and industrial activity, has been accumulating in the Great Salt Lake water and has contaminated its food web. Some of the mercury chloride (HgCl) is transformed by benthic bacteria to the more toxic monomethyl mercury (MeHg). While the effect of HgCl on the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana has been described, little is known about the effects of MeHG on this shrimp, except that it is more toxic. We correlated the tissue mercury concentrations to the amount of mercury present in the sea-water (SW). We also tested the ability of the shrimp to depurate mercury accumulated in the tissues.
Results: - Adult Artemia survived at least one week when exposed to concentrations ranging from 10-9 to 10-5g/L HgCl or MeHg. Shrimp exposed to 10-4g/L HgCl or MeHg died within two days.
Fertility was influenced by mercury exposure. The number of offspring per brood produced by females exposed to 10-6g/L or less HgCl was around 150, significantly higher than the average 80 offspring per brood produced by females exposed to 10-6g/L MeHg. When exposed to 10-5g/l HgCl and MeHg, the females brood size was 47 and 24, respectively.
- Artemia is able to maintain low level of tissue mercury, up to exposure to 10-6g/L HgCl and 10-7 g/L for MeHg. Exposure to higher mercury concentrations leads to much higher mercury levels, about 35 ppm HgCl for SW reaching 10-5g/L and 300 ppm with exposure to 10-4 MeHg.
Discussion: While both HgCl and MeHg are lethal to the shrimp, after a few days exposure, at concentration higher than 10-6 g/L, MeHg has a stronger effect on fertility, with brood size near half the size. Also, MeHg, the organic form of mercury, is accumulated in much higher level than the inorganic form. The organic form has a better ability to cross cell membranes. Since the mercury levels in the Great Salt Lake reach 55 ng/L (= 0.055 10-6g/L) and 30 ng/L (0.03 10-6 g/L) for HgCl and MeHG, respectively, the brine shrimp population is likely not affected by this pollutant.
Conclusion: Mercury has a strong effect on Artemia metabolism. We will study, next, the shrimp response to the oxidative stress induced by the mercury exposure.
Faculty Advisor: Berthelemy, Nicole (Weber State University, Zoology)
Introduction: Mercury, originating from mining and industrial activity, has been accumulating in the Great Salt Lake water and has contaminated its food web. Some of the mercury chloride (HgCl) is transformed by benthic bacteria to the more toxic monomethyl mercury (MeHg). While the effect of HgCl on the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana has been described, little is known about the effects of MeHG on this shrimp, except that it is more toxic. We correlated the tissue mercury concentrations to the amount of mercury present in the sea-water (SW). We also tested the ability of the shrimp to depurate mercury accumulated in the tissues.
Results: - Adult Artemia survived at least one week when exposed to concentrations ranging from 10-9 to 10-5g/L HgCl or MeHg. Shrimp exposed to 10-4g/L HgCl or MeHg died within two days.
Fertility was influenced by mercury exposure. The number of offspring per brood produced by females exposed to 10-6g/L or less HgCl was around 150, significantly higher than the average 80 offspring per brood produced by females exposed to 10-6g/L MeHg. When exposed to 10-5g/l HgCl and MeHg, the females brood size was 47 and 24, respectively.
- Artemia is able to maintain low level of tissue mercury, up to exposure to 10-6g/L HgCl and 10-7 g/L for MeHg. Exposure to higher mercury concentrations leads to much higher mercury levels, about 35 ppm HgCl for SW reaching 10-5g/L and 300 ppm with exposure to 10-4 MeHg.
Discussion: While both HgCl and MeHg are lethal to the shrimp, after a few days exposure, at concentration higher than 10-6 g/L, MeHg has a stronger effect on fertility, with brood size near half the size. Also, MeHg, the organic form of mercury, is accumulated in much higher level than the inorganic form. The organic form has a better ability to cross cell membranes. Since the mercury levels in the Great Salt Lake reach 55 ng/L (= 0.055 10-6g/L) and 30 ng/L (0.03 10-6 g/L) for HgCl and MeHG, respectively, the brine shrimp population is likely not affected by this pollutant.
Conclusion: Mercury has a strong effect on Artemia metabolism. We will study, next, the shrimp response to the oxidative stress induced by the mercury exposure.
Effect of Gender on Shear Wave Elastography and Cross Sectional Area of the Gastrocnemius in Senior Athletes.
Hutchison, Cortland; Preece, J. Caleb; Seibold, Tanner; Feland, J. Brent (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Feland, Brent (Life Sciences, Exercise Science)
BACKGROUND: Muscle morphology changes with age and the fibrous/fatty infiltration should affect the overall stiffness of aging muscle. However, little info intrinsic stiffness as measured by SWE is available on aging muscle and the effect of gender using this measurement is not clear.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine how gender affects cross sectional area (CSA) and SWE of both the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle of the dominant leg in active older athletes participating in the HuntsmanWorld Senior Games.
METHODS: Data was collected from 116 volunteers (participants in the Huntsman World Senior Games) in St. George, Utah, 2019. Subjects (62 males: mean age = 68.9 ± 7.8 yrs, Ht = 177.4 ± 8.1 cm, Wt= 85.4±20 kg; 54 females: mean age = 66.9 ± 8.5 yrs, Ht =164.4 ± 7.2 cm, Wt= 69.8±18 kg) signed an approved consent form and then lay prone on a treatment table for ultrasonic measurement of both CSA and SWE of both heads of the gastrocnemius.
ANALYSIS: All data were analyzed a generalized linear model analysis using SPSS ver25 comparing CSA and SWE of both medial and lateral gastrocnemius heads by gender with age, height and weight as covariates.
RESULTS & CONCLUSION: We hypothesized that gender would affect both CSA and SWE with males exhibiting increases in both CSA and SWE values. We found a significant difference in CSA of both the medial and lateral gastroc (p=.000 for both) between genders, but no significant difference in lateral gastroc SWE (p=.337) or medial gastroc SWE (p=.320). Both age (p=.004) and weight (p=.000) were also found to significantly affect CSA and SWE between genders. The larger CSA values for men in this study may be more of a function of overall body size and weight since both populations are active athletes.
Faculty Advisor: Feland, Brent (Life Sciences, Exercise Science)
BACKGROUND: Muscle morphology changes with age and the fibrous/fatty infiltration should affect the overall stiffness of aging muscle. However, little info intrinsic stiffness as measured by SWE is available on aging muscle and the effect of gender using this measurement is not clear.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine how gender affects cross sectional area (CSA) and SWE of both the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle of the dominant leg in active older athletes participating in the HuntsmanWorld Senior Games.
METHODS: Data was collected from 116 volunteers (participants in the Huntsman World Senior Games) in St. George, Utah, 2019. Subjects (62 males: mean age = 68.9 ± 7.8 yrs, Ht = 177.4 ± 8.1 cm, Wt= 85.4±20 kg; 54 females: mean age = 66.9 ± 8.5 yrs, Ht =164.4 ± 7.2 cm, Wt= 69.8±18 kg) signed an approved consent form and then lay prone on a treatment table for ultrasonic measurement of both CSA and SWE of both heads of the gastrocnemius.
ANALYSIS: All data were analyzed a generalized linear model analysis using SPSS ver25 comparing CSA and SWE of both medial and lateral gastrocnemius heads by gender with age, height and weight as covariates.
RESULTS & CONCLUSION: We hypothesized that gender would affect both CSA and SWE with males exhibiting increases in both CSA and SWE values. We found a significant difference in CSA of both the medial and lateral gastroc (p=.000 for both) between genders, but no significant difference in lateral gastroc SWE (p=.337) or medial gastroc SWE (p=.320). Both age (p=.004) and weight (p=.000) were also found to significantly affect CSA and SWE between genders. The larger CSA values for men in this study may be more of a function of overall body size and weight since both populations are active athletes.
Effects of Mycorrhizal Associations on Tomato Defensive Compounds
Jones, Dalton (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Schramm, Katharina (Science, Botany)
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are an important agricultural crop around the world. In order to produce food with less impact on the environment, many researchers are looking to utilize natural systems to maximize production with minimal inputs. Maximizing tomato defenses is one possible way to increase productivity. Tomatoes produce both physical and chemical defenses in response to the stress. Increasing the number of trichomes on the plant is a physical means of deterring insects from eating the plant. Trichomes come in two forms glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes. The non-glandular trichomes are strictly a physical defense while the glandular trichomes produce chemical defensive compounds against a wide variety of insects. Most land plants can form a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis has been shown to increase nutrient supply, decrease drought stress, and prime plant defenses, all increasing a plant's ability to withstand herbivory stress better. This study examines the response of trichomes and the number of chemical defenses after insect herbivory has occurred with the additional support of the AMF symbiosis. Treatments were exposed to Manduca sexta to stimulate trichome and chemical production. The extracted leaves were analyzed via gas chromatography to examine the make-up of the tomato's chemical defenses. The growth rates of M. sexta were recorded to examine the effects of tomato's chemical defenses after feeding the insects the induced tomato leaves. Measuring trichome density quantifies the change in physical defenses. The addition of the AMF increased the plant defenses, both the number of trichomes present on the plants and the quantity of the chemical defenses. Insects feeding on plants with increased defenses were also shown to have decreased growth. This study shows an alternative strategy for the use of commercial pesticides, lessening the impact of tomato crops on the ecosystem.
Faculty Advisor: Schramm, Katharina (Science, Botany)
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are an important agricultural crop around the world. In order to produce food with less impact on the environment, many researchers are looking to utilize natural systems to maximize production with minimal inputs. Maximizing tomato defenses is one possible way to increase productivity. Tomatoes produce both physical and chemical defenses in response to the stress. Increasing the number of trichomes on the plant is a physical means of deterring insects from eating the plant. Trichomes come in two forms glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes. The non-glandular trichomes are strictly a physical defense while the glandular trichomes produce chemical defensive compounds against a wide variety of insects. Most land plants can form a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis has been shown to increase nutrient supply, decrease drought stress, and prime plant defenses, all increasing a plant's ability to withstand herbivory stress better. This study examines the response of trichomes and the number of chemical defenses after insect herbivory has occurred with the additional support of the AMF symbiosis. Treatments were exposed to Manduca sexta to stimulate trichome and chemical production. The extracted leaves were analyzed via gas chromatography to examine the make-up of the tomato's chemical defenses. The growth rates of M. sexta were recorded to examine the effects of tomato's chemical defenses after feeding the insects the induced tomato leaves. Measuring trichome density quantifies the change in physical defenses. The addition of the AMF increased the plant defenses, both the number of trichomes present on the plants and the quantity of the chemical defenses. Insects feeding on plants with increased defenses were also shown to have decreased growth. This study shows an alternative strategy for the use of commercial pesticides, lessening the impact of tomato crops on the ecosystem.
Evaluating the Knock Out Effects of Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 on Delta cells of the Pancreas
Hess, Kavan; Herring, Jacob; Yang, Haokun; Tessem, Jeff (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Tessem, Jeff (Brigham Young University; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science)
Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, and often accompanies other life-threating complications. There are two main types of diabetes that are both characterized by disfunction or destruction of insulin producing beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans. Islets of Langerhans are composed of endocrine hormone secreting cells, including alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin) delta cells (somatostatin), epsilon cells (ghrelin) and PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide). While alpha and beta cells make up ~90% of all the cells in the islet, delta cells comprise only ~10% and are responsible for cross talk in the islet. Delta cells regulate intra-islet cross talk through the secretion of somatostatin-14. It has been shown that Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 overexpression induces beta cell proliferation, while Nr4a1 or Nr4a3 deletion inhibits insulin secretion when challenged with glucose. Delta cells contain three times the amount of Nr4a1 mRNA than beta cells. However, no research has been done on the role of either of these transcription factors in the cross talk between the different cell types of the islet. Here we aim to show how a lack of Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 affects delta cell somatostatin release when challenged with glucose.
Faculty Advisor: Tessem, Jeff (Brigham Young University; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science)
Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, and often accompanies other life-threating complications. There are two main types of diabetes that are both characterized by disfunction or destruction of insulin producing beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans. Islets of Langerhans are composed of endocrine hormone secreting cells, including alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin) delta cells (somatostatin), epsilon cells (ghrelin) and PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide). While alpha and beta cells make up ~90% of all the cells in the islet, delta cells comprise only ~10% and are responsible for cross talk in the islet. Delta cells regulate intra-islet cross talk through the secretion of somatostatin-14. It has been shown that Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 overexpression induces beta cell proliferation, while Nr4a1 or Nr4a3 deletion inhibits insulin secretion when challenged with glucose. Delta cells contain three times the amount of Nr4a1 mRNA than beta cells. However, no research has been done on the role of either of these transcription factors in the cross talk between the different cell types of the islet. Here we aim to show how a lack of Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 affects delta cell somatostatin release when challenged with glucose.
Field based real time sequencing of microbial samples via nanopore technology
Jackson, Ryan; Miller, Charles (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Jackson, Ryan (College of Science, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department); Miller, Charles (College of Engineering, Biological Engineering Department)
The concept of real time species identification in situ is a long time researchers dream. This dream now lies within reach due to the recent innovation of nanopore sequencing technology. These machines, with their small size and powerful computing capability, have made it possible to preform 16s and whole genome sequencing, with a setup that can fit in a backpack. Not only will this increase convenience of sampling for researchers, but a recent study in Wales has shown that sampling on site may help to identify closely related organisms at a greater level of accuracy (Parker, 2017). If sampling in the field really can give more accurate results, field sequencing may help to identify an extraordinarily large amount of biodiversity and genetic pathways.
One obstacle that stands in the way of this technology becoming more accessible across the globe is the lack of scientific literature on how to build the infrastructure necessary to sample on site. This study aims to construct a complete, self-contained kit with which you could field sequence. I have, currently at my disposal, a portable thermocycler, a nanopore sequencer, and computer designed with a workflow to do real time sequencing analysis. Using this technology already available, we aim to round out the kit with the necessary reagents, and structure to house the equipment. We will provide in depth analysis of the equipment, reagents, and all other materials provided to sequence a sample in any given location.
Faculty Advisor: Jackson, Ryan (College of Science, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department); Miller, Charles (College of Engineering, Biological Engineering Department)
The concept of real time species identification in situ is a long time researchers dream. This dream now lies within reach due to the recent innovation of nanopore sequencing technology. These machines, with their small size and powerful computing capability, have made it possible to preform 16s and whole genome sequencing, with a setup that can fit in a backpack. Not only will this increase convenience of sampling for researchers, but a recent study in Wales has shown that sampling on site may help to identify closely related organisms at a greater level of accuracy (Parker, 2017). If sampling in the field really can give more accurate results, field sequencing may help to identify an extraordinarily large amount of biodiversity and genetic pathways.
One obstacle that stands in the way of this technology becoming more accessible across the globe is the lack of scientific literature on how to build the infrastructure necessary to sample on site. This study aims to construct a complete, self-contained kit with which you could field sequence. I have, currently at my disposal, a portable thermocycler, a nanopore sequencer, and computer designed with a workflow to do real time sequencing analysis. Using this technology already available, we aim to round out the kit with the necessary reagents, and structure to house the equipment. We will provide in depth analysis of the equipment, reagents, and all other materials provided to sequence a sample in any given location.
Genomic Assembly Targeting Repetitive Regions in the Caddisfly Genome
Wilson, Seth; Taylor Adam; Bursell, Madeline; Frandsen, Paul; Stewart, Russell; Steeneck, Amy (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Frandsen, Paul (Brigham Young University, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) have evolved to produce silk with adhesive and elastic properties in aqueous environments. The silk is used in several ways by different species within the order such as case making, retreat making and using the silk as an anchor in the stream. Previous research on caddisfly silk has focused on understanding the evolutionary changes in the H-fibroin gene, the main protein found in caddisfly silk, which underlies the structural transformation behind these phenotypic properties that allow for diverse usage of the silk across the order (Ashton et al. 2013). Understanding the genetic foundation of the silk is crucial to understanding the phenotypic interactions that determine the unique qualities of caddisfly silk. An accurate assembly of the caddisfly genome will allow us to resolve the H-fibroin gene that plays an integral role in the formation of the caddisfly silk. Next-generation sequencing, Oxford Nanopore, and PacBio will allow us to sequence long reads that can span repetitive regions of the genome. These regions have made it difficult to resolve the H-fibroin gene as there are many repetitive motifs found in the gene. We will combine this next-generation sequencing with second-generation sequencing, Illumina and Sanger Sequencing to optimize the assembly. In this study, we used a combination of next-generation sequencing technologies to assemble the complex H-Fibroin gene in order to look at the underlying genetic structure of the silk protein. We identified unique repetitive motifs in the gene that contribute to the silk's adhesive strength and elasticity when in aqueous environments.
Faculty Advisor: Frandsen, Paul (Brigham Young University, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) have evolved to produce silk with adhesive and elastic properties in aqueous environments. The silk is used in several ways by different species within the order such as case making, retreat making and using the silk as an anchor in the stream. Previous research on caddisfly silk has focused on understanding the evolutionary changes in the H-fibroin gene, the main protein found in caddisfly silk, which underlies the structural transformation behind these phenotypic properties that allow for diverse usage of the silk across the order (Ashton et al. 2013). Understanding the genetic foundation of the silk is crucial to understanding the phenotypic interactions that determine the unique qualities of caddisfly silk. An accurate assembly of the caddisfly genome will allow us to resolve the H-fibroin gene that plays an integral role in the formation of the caddisfly silk. Next-generation sequencing, Oxford Nanopore, and PacBio will allow us to sequence long reads that can span repetitive regions of the genome. These regions have made it difficult to resolve the H-fibroin gene as there are many repetitive motifs found in the gene. We will combine this next-generation sequencing with second-generation sequencing, Illumina and Sanger Sequencing to optimize the assembly. In this study, we used a combination of next-generation sequencing technologies to assemble the complex H-Fibroin gene in order to look at the underlying genetic structure of the silk protein. We identified unique repetitive motifs in the gene that contribute to the silk's adhesive strength and elasticity when in aqueous environments.
Human health and economic costs of air pollution in Utah: an expert assessment
Errigo, Isabella; Abbott, Benjamin; Reimer, Jessica; Glenn, Jeff; Chaney, Robert; Freeman, Andrew; Frei, Rebecca; Howe, Peter, Mendoza, Daniel; Kelly, Kerry; Summers, Laura; Johnston, James; Carter, Thom; Bratsman, Samuel; Stacey, Audrey; Wilson, Derrek; Lange, Leslie (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Abbott, Benjamin (Life Sciences, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Recent medical and economic research has found that air pollution causes much more damage to our health and economy than previously understood. Globally, 16% of all deaths are attributable to air pollution—15 times more than from all wars and other forms of violence. However, translating these research findings into policy and behavior change at local levels remains a major challenge, partially because of mismatch between the spatial scale of the air pollution research (often national or global) and governance frameworks (typically multi-scale from local to regional). Here, we tested the effectiveness of expert assessment as a tool to resolve research-policy mismatch. We distributed a questionnaire to over 80 researchers living in Utah, asking for quantitative estimates of human health and economic costs of air pollution, and recommendations for what policy actions would be most effective at reducing those costs. Expert responses of air pollution costs varied widely, but were consistently higher than recent public health studies, indicating that experts were including a more complete suite of factors, or that they were biased. We discuss the response of Utah policymakers to these results and present a framework of involving local researchers to increase the assimilation of data into decision making.
Faculty Advisor: Abbott, Benjamin (Life Sciences, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
Recent medical and economic research has found that air pollution causes much more damage to our health and economy than previously understood. Globally, 16% of all deaths are attributable to air pollution—15 times more than from all wars and other forms of violence. However, translating these research findings into policy and behavior change at local levels remains a major challenge, partially because of mismatch between the spatial scale of the air pollution research (often national or global) and governance frameworks (typically multi-scale from local to regional). Here, we tested the effectiveness of expert assessment as a tool to resolve research-policy mismatch. We distributed a questionnaire to over 80 researchers living in Utah, asking for quantitative estimates of human health and economic costs of air pollution, and recommendations for what policy actions would be most effective at reducing those costs. Expert responses of air pollution costs varied widely, but were consistently higher than recent public health studies, indicating that experts were including a more complete suite of factors, or that they were biased. We discuss the response of Utah policymakers to these results and present a framework of involving local researchers to increase the assimilation of data into decision making.
Inhibitory Effect of Probiotics on Streptococcus Agalactiae Serotypes
L'Ecuyer, Katia (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Gazdik Stofer, Michaela (Utah Valley University, Microbiology)
Streptococcus agalactiae most commonly known as Group B streptococcus (GBS), are encapsulated gram-positive bacteria encountered in approximately 15-40% of pregnant women's urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. While most women are asymptomatic, GBS colonization of newborns as they pass through the birth canal can lead to sepsis. GBS bloodstream infections are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity amongst infants in the United States. In recent years, several studies have examined the benefits of oral probiotics to promote a healthy vaginal flora and assessed the inhibitory activity of lactobacilli against urogenital pathogens, with mixed results. The purpose of our research is to examine the effect of Lactobacilli on the growth of different GBS serotypes in the vaginal environment using in vitro culture competition experiments. Previously published microbiome studies were used to determine the dominant species found in the vaginal microbiota. We are examining the growth rate of GBS when co-cultured with vaginal microflora species, both individually and as a mixed community. This will provide a baseline regarding what strains of GBS could easily colonize the vagina in high levels when in competition with different normal flora communities. Different species of probiotic Lactobacilli will then be added to the vaginal culture collection to examine if there is an effect on GBS growth. Our goal is to identify probiotic species that prevent or slow the growth of GBS in a vaginal community.
Faculty Advisor: Gazdik Stofer, Michaela (Utah Valley University, Microbiology)
Streptococcus agalactiae most commonly known as Group B streptococcus (GBS), are encapsulated gram-positive bacteria encountered in approximately 15-40% of pregnant women's urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. While most women are asymptomatic, GBS colonization of newborns as they pass through the birth canal can lead to sepsis. GBS bloodstream infections are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity amongst infants in the United States. In recent years, several studies have examined the benefits of oral probiotics to promote a healthy vaginal flora and assessed the inhibitory activity of lactobacilli against urogenital pathogens, with mixed results. The purpose of our research is to examine the effect of Lactobacilli on the growth of different GBS serotypes in the vaginal environment using in vitro culture competition experiments. Previously published microbiome studies were used to determine the dominant species found in the vaginal microbiota. We are examining the growth rate of GBS when co-cultured with vaginal microflora species, both individually and as a mixed community. This will provide a baseline regarding what strains of GBS could easily colonize the vagina in high levels when in competition with different normal flora communities. Different species of probiotic Lactobacilli will then be added to the vaginal culture collection to examine if there is an effect on GBS growth. Our goal is to identify probiotic species that prevent or slow the growth of GBS in a vaginal community.
Is Siphlonuridae Monophyletic: Phylogenetic Relationships of Minnow Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Backman, Natalia; Ogden, Heath (Utah Valley University)
Faculty Advisor: Ogden, Heath (Utah Valley University, Biology)
Siphlonuridae is a family of mayflies (order Ephemeroptera) that are nicknamed the "Primitive" Minnow Mayfly family. The family traditionally has consisted of four genera; Edmundsius, Parameletus, Siphlonisca, and Siphlonurus, representing twenty six described species. The family Dipteromimidae was described as a sister group to the family Siphlonuridae (Tojo & Matsukawa, 2003), however, past molecular evidence suggests that Dipteromimidae might nest within Siphlonuridae(T. H. Ogden et al., 2009; T. Heath Ogden & Whiting, 2005). This study aims to use more taxa and more molecular data in order to generate more robust phylogeny for these mayflies. Specifically our goals are to (i) test the monophyly of the family Siphlonuridae; and (ii) compare traditional Sanger sequencing loci to newly generated phylogenomic data from a targeted capture sequencing approach.
Faculty Advisor: Ogden, Heath (Utah Valley University, Biology)
Siphlonuridae is a family of mayflies (order Ephemeroptera) that are nicknamed the "Primitive" Minnow Mayfly family. The family traditionally has consisted of four genera; Edmundsius, Parameletus, Siphlonisca, and Siphlonurus, representing twenty six described species. The family Dipteromimidae was described as a sister group to the family Siphlonuridae (Tojo & Matsukawa, 2003), however, past molecular evidence suggests that Dipteromimidae might nest within Siphlonuridae(T. H. Ogden et al., 2009; T. Heath Ogden & Whiting, 2005). This study aims to use more taxa and more molecular data in order to generate more robust phylogeny for these mayflies. Specifically our goals are to (i) test the monophyly of the family Siphlonuridae; and (ii) compare traditional Sanger sequencing loci to newly generated phylogenomic data from a targeted capture sequencing approach.
Native seed density and priority effects drive invasion resistance against Phragmites in wetland restoration
Holdaway, Bailey; Emily, Martin; Kettenring, Karin (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Kettenring, Karin (S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Watershed Sciences Department);
Seeds are the primary revegetation method for Great Salt Lake wetlands, however, the density and the priority timing to sow seeds are not clear to wetland managers due to a lack of Great Salt Lake specific revegetation research. Having too low a native seed sowing density could allow unwanted species like the non-native invasive plant Phragmites to reinvade. Too high of a density and density-dependent mortality of sown native seeds could occur, resulting in wasted seeds and unneeded costs for resource-limited managers. In addition, the priority timing (i.e., the relative time and order that seeds are sown) of sowing is also vital for revegetation to favor natives over unwanted invasives. Therefore, our research goal was to determine the optimal seed sowing density and timing priority for reestablishing Great Salt Lake native wetland plant communities. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment with two native sowing densities (3 and 5x the standard sowing density in the region) and three native seed mix sowing timings (4, 2, or 0 weeks prior to sowing Phragmites seeds). We determined the cover of the native plant community and Phragmites at the end of the growing season across the 6 treatment combinations. We found the greatest reduction in Phragmites cover when the native seed mix was sown 4 weeks prior to Phragmites, particularly at the higher native sowing density. A 2-week priority effect did not significantly benefit native species over Phragmites. These results suggest that native seed mixes in Great Salt Lake wetland restorations need to sown much earlier in the summer growing season than when Phragmites seeds germinate and at a very high density to reduce Phragmites cover overall. Though, managers may need to greatly reduce Phragmites seed densities in the seed bank and in the vicinity of restoration sites before revegetation efforts begin.
Faculty Advisor: Kettenring, Karin (S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Watershed Sciences Department);
Seeds are the primary revegetation method for Great Salt Lake wetlands, however, the density and the priority timing to sow seeds are not clear to wetland managers due to a lack of Great Salt Lake specific revegetation research. Having too low a native seed sowing density could allow unwanted species like the non-native invasive plant Phragmites to reinvade. Too high of a density and density-dependent mortality of sown native seeds could occur, resulting in wasted seeds and unneeded costs for resource-limited managers. In addition, the priority timing (i.e., the relative time and order that seeds are sown) of sowing is also vital for revegetation to favor natives over unwanted invasives. Therefore, our research goal was to determine the optimal seed sowing density and timing priority for reestablishing Great Salt Lake native wetland plant communities. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment with two native sowing densities (3 and 5x the standard sowing density in the region) and three native seed mix sowing timings (4, 2, or 0 weeks prior to sowing Phragmites seeds). We determined the cover of the native plant community and Phragmites at the end of the growing season across the 6 treatment combinations. We found the greatest reduction in Phragmites cover when the native seed mix was sown 4 weeks prior to Phragmites, particularly at the higher native sowing density. A 2-week priority effect did not significantly benefit native species over Phragmites. These results suggest that native seed mixes in Great Salt Lake wetland restorations need to sown much earlier in the summer growing season than when Phragmites seeds germinate and at a very high density to reduce Phragmites cover overall. Though, managers may need to greatly reduce Phragmites seed densities in the seed bank and in the vicinity of restoration sites before revegetation efforts begin.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) Antagonists Impair Influenza Infection
Davis, Morgan; Edvalson, Logan; Busath, David (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Busath, David (Life Science, Physiology and Developmental Biology)
Influenza infection, and subsequent pneumonias, are the cause of over fifty thousand deaths in the United States per year, and, according to the CDC, influenza is the 8th leading cause of death in this country. Research into the pathogenesis of influenza elucidates critical interactions that take place during different phases of infection which can be targeted by novel drug therapies. Our lab has focused on discovering the role of of PDGFR and VEGFR and other Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) in aiding viral infection. RTK activation is reported to be important for successful viral infection, and our project has focused on three different RTKs: VEGFR, PDGFR, and endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR). In these experiments, Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were bathed in growth medium containing a specific RTK inhibitor, and then infected with the influenza virus. The vitality of the cells was measured using crystal violet staining and spectrophotometer results. The data showed that using a drug called imatinib—a potent PDGFR inhibitor—resulted in the highest cellular vitality while VEGFR inhibitors developed here at BYU also showed anti-influenza activity. This suggests that the influenza virus is at least partially dependent on PDGFR and VEGFR activation to enhance its life cycle. Future experimentation will study which of the many branches of these receptor's phosphorylation cascades are being utilized by the virus.
Faculty Advisor: Busath, David (Life Science, Physiology and Developmental Biology)
Influenza infection, and subsequent pneumonias, are the cause of over fifty thousand deaths in the United States per year, and, according to the CDC, influenza is the 8th leading cause of death in this country. Research into the pathogenesis of influenza elucidates critical interactions that take place during different phases of infection which can be targeted by novel drug therapies. Our lab has focused on discovering the role of of PDGFR and VEGFR and other Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) in aiding viral infection. RTK activation is reported to be important for successful viral infection, and our project has focused on three different RTKs: VEGFR, PDGFR, and endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR). In these experiments, Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were bathed in growth medium containing a specific RTK inhibitor, and then infected with the influenza virus. The vitality of the cells was measured using crystal violet staining and spectrophotometer results. The data showed that using a drug called imatinib—a potent PDGFR inhibitor—resulted in the highest cellular vitality while VEGFR inhibitors developed here at BYU also showed anti-influenza activity. This suggests that the influenza virus is at least partially dependent on PDGFR and VEGFR activation to enhance its life cycle. Future experimentation will study which of the many branches of these receptor's phosphorylation cascades are being utilized by the virus.
Positioning Nucleosomes with 601 DNA Sequence to Restore GFP Expression
Hales, Emily; Lundgren, Jane; Carter, John; Kempton, Colton; Johnson, Steven (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Johnson, Steven (Brigham Young University, Molecular and Microbiology)
The mechanisms of transgene silencing in C. elegans are poorly understood, despite the importance of the nematode as a model for genetic research. Insertion of a transgene led to the expression of GFP in both the body wall and pharyngeal muscle cells of C. elegans as expected. However, subsequent generations stopped expressing body wall GFP. To reverse silencing, we have flanked the enhancers responsible for GFP expression with 601 sequences. The 601 sequence strongly positions nucleosomes. We hypothesize that this positioning will eliminate transgenerational gene silencing of body wall GFP.
Faculty Advisor: Johnson, Steven (Brigham Young University, Molecular and Microbiology)
The mechanisms of transgene silencing in C. elegans are poorly understood, despite the importance of the nematode as a model for genetic research. Insertion of a transgene led to the expression of GFP in both the body wall and pharyngeal muscle cells of C. elegans as expected. However, subsequent generations stopped expressing body wall GFP. To reverse silencing, we have flanked the enhancers responsible for GFP expression with 601 sequences. The 601 sequence strongly positions nucleosomes. We hypothesize that this positioning will eliminate transgenerational gene silencing of body wall GFP.
Age-Dependent Molecular Effects of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors on β-cell Proliferation
Jensen, Daelin; Aitken, Talon; Baxter, Melanie (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Tessem, Jeffery (Brigham Young University; Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science)
As of 2017, over 400 million people were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. This is becoming a worldwide concern as the number of people affected by diabetes is growing at an alarming rate. Functional pancreatic β-cell mass is responsible for maintaining healthy blood glucose levels through the production of insulin. A hallmark of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is a relative or absolute loss of functional β-cell mass and, consequently, decreased insulin production. Two possible approaches for replenishing the β-cells are: 1) replacement through cadaveric donors and 2) regeneration of endogenous β-cells. A major impediment to these approaches is that aged β-cells are refractory to genes that are known to induce proliferation in young β-cells. It is currently unknown why aged β-cells are refractory. . We hypothesized that age-dependent changes to the proliferative capacity of β-cells are influenced by increasing levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI). CDKI's bind to cyclin-dependent kinases, effectively halting the cell cycle and proliferation. Here, we demonstrate the expression of the Ink4 and Cip/Kip families of CDKI's by mRNA and protein expression in five week old and five month old Wistar rat β-cells. Greater understanding of the proliferative mechanisms of the β-cell will allow greater application of the aforementioned treatments.
Faculty Advisor: Tessem, Jeffery (Brigham Young University; Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science)
As of 2017, over 400 million people were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. This is becoming a worldwide concern as the number of people affected by diabetes is growing at an alarming rate. Functional pancreatic β-cell mass is responsible for maintaining healthy blood glucose levels through the production of insulin. A hallmark of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is a relative or absolute loss of functional β-cell mass and, consequently, decreased insulin production. Two possible approaches for replenishing the β-cells are: 1) replacement through cadaveric donors and 2) regeneration of endogenous β-cells. A major impediment to these approaches is that aged β-cells are refractory to genes that are known to induce proliferation in young β-cells. It is currently unknown why aged β-cells are refractory. . We hypothesized that age-dependent changes to the proliferative capacity of β-cells are influenced by increasing levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI). CDKI's bind to cyclin-dependent kinases, effectively halting the cell cycle and proliferation. Here, we demonstrate the expression of the Ink4 and Cip/Kip families of CDKI's by mRNA and protein expression in five week old and five month old Wistar rat β-cells. Greater understanding of the proliferative mechanisms of the β-cell will allow greater application of the aforementioned treatments.
Analysis of the Gut Microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster Models of Parkinson's Disease
Marshman, Evan; Peterson, Samara; Call, Gerald; Chaston, John (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Chaston, John (Life Science, Plant and Wildlife Science)
In recent years the association between the human gut microbiome and the brain has become a promising field of study. Often referred to as the "gut-brain axis", this connection has greatly enriched our scientific understanding of many disorders that affect the brain and nervous system. A recent study showed the differing richness of bacteria in the microbiota of Parkinson's patients and healthy control subjects. Because recent research shows this connection, we predicted that we would detect variation in the microbiota of D. melanogaster (fruit flies) models of Parkinson's disease, relative to wild type flies. To test this hypothesis, I analyzed 16s rRNA sequence data, reporting the microbiota composition in flies that are a model of Parkinson's Disease, as well as wild type flies. I found one strain of the genus Acetobacter that was differentially abundant between the two fly types. Therefore, for my CURA I will extend my analysis by performing similar analyses by taking a larger set of Parkinson's fly models. Once they are sequenced, I will use QIIME, the same software I used in my preliminary analyses to further our understanding of the taxonomic differences between the gut bacteria of Parkinson's models and wild type flies.
Faculty Advisor: Chaston, John (Life Science, Plant and Wildlife Science)
In recent years the association between the human gut microbiome and the brain has become a promising field of study. Often referred to as the "gut-brain axis", this connection has greatly enriched our scientific understanding of many disorders that affect the brain and nervous system. A recent study showed the differing richness of bacteria in the microbiota of Parkinson's patients and healthy control subjects. Because recent research shows this connection, we predicted that we would detect variation in the microbiota of D. melanogaster (fruit flies) models of Parkinson's disease, relative to wild type flies. To test this hypothesis, I analyzed 16s rRNA sequence data, reporting the microbiota composition in flies that are a model of Parkinson's Disease, as well as wild type flies. I found one strain of the genus Acetobacter that was differentially abundant between the two fly types. Therefore, for my CURA I will extend my analysis by performing similar analyses by taking a larger set of Parkinson's fly models. Once they are sequenced, I will use QIIME, the same software I used in my preliminary analyses to further our understanding of the taxonomic differences between the gut bacteria of Parkinson's models and wild type flies.
Understanding Defecation Patterns of Alouatta palliata in Costa Rica
Lengele, Alexius (Weber State University)
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (Salt Lake Community College, Anthropology)
Primate defecation behaviors contribute notably to forest growth and diversity because primates are important seed dispersers in their environment. Understanding these defecation patterns is important to understand how primate populations impact tropical dry forests. Preexisting research on Allouatta seniculous (red howler monkeys) avoided defecating near their foraging and resting areas, potentially to avoid parasitic infection from contaminated feces. The goal of my research is to test whether the same pattern is found in A. palliata, the mantled howler monkey. I predicted that A. palliata would not defecate near their food resources as a parasite-avoidance behavior. La Selva Biological Station, where this research was conducted, is located in Sarapiqui, in northeastern Costa Rica. Data were collected in May 2017 at the beginning of the rainy season. Using all-occurrence sampling, I recorded all defecation events for A. palliata and whether any group members were feeding. I recorded 15 instances of defecation. Howler monkeys defecated in the same area where they had been feeding 46.7% of the time (n=7) and they defecated in an area where feeding did not occur 53.3% of the time (n=8). My hypothesis, that A. palliata would not defecate near food resources, was not supported as the data showed no bias toward non-feeding areas versus feeding areas. These results differ from prior research of Alouatta in the Amazon Basin, Venezuela, and Brazil, which all reported evidence of parasite-avoidance in defecation behavior. My sample size is small, and my data were collected in a short time span, likely contributing to this discrepancy. Additionally, the parasites infecting those species in South America may not be present in this Central American location, suggesting a lack of the need for this adaptive behavior.
Faculty Advisor: Seaboch, Melissa (Salt Lake Community College, Anthropology)
Primate defecation behaviors contribute notably to forest growth and diversity because primates are important seed dispersers in their environment. Understanding these defecation patterns is important to understand how primate populations impact tropical dry forests. Preexisting research on Allouatta seniculous (red howler monkeys) avoided defecating near their foraging and resting areas, potentially to avoid parasitic infection from contaminated feces. The goal of my research is to test whether the same pattern is found in A. palliata, the mantled howler monkey. I predicted that A. palliata would not defecate near their food resources as a parasite-avoidance behavior. La Selva Biological Station, where this research was conducted, is located in Sarapiqui, in northeastern Costa Rica. Data were collected in May 2017 at the beginning of the rainy season. Using all-occurrence sampling, I recorded all defecation events for A. palliata and whether any group members were feeding. I recorded 15 instances of defecation. Howler monkeys defecated in the same area where they had been feeding 46.7% of the time (n=7) and they defecated in an area where feeding did not occur 53.3% of the time (n=8). My hypothesis, that A. palliata would not defecate near food resources, was not supported as the data showed no bias toward non-feeding areas versus feeding areas. These results differ from prior research of Alouatta in the Amazon Basin, Venezuela, and Brazil, which all reported evidence of parasite-avoidance in defecation behavior. My sample size is small, and my data were collected in a short time span, likely contributing to this discrepancy. Additionally, the parasites infecting those species in South America may not be present in this Central American location, suggesting a lack of the need for this adaptive behavior.
Understanding Drug Addiction Pathways Through Optogenetics
Bird, Devin; Nufer, Teresa; Wu, Bridget; Edwards, Jeffrey (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Edwards, Jeffrey (Brigham Young University, Physiology and Developmental Biology)
Drug addiction is a consequence of neural plasticity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an area of the brain's reward system, in which higher levels of dopamine are expressed. Research suggests that decreased activity of inhibitory _-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the VTA could be the cause of increased activity of dopaminergic cells in the VTA, and thus mediate opiate addiction (Tan). However, not much additional research has been performed to evaluate the plasticity of VTA GABA neurons and the role they play in addiction. Why are VTA GABAergic cells being inhibited and how? We hypothesize that inhibitory inputs onto GABA neurons in the VTA directly affect the degree of inhibition of VTA dopaminergic cells. Additionally, we hypothesize that GABAergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a source input that extends into the VTA and inhibits VTA GABAergic neurons. We believe that inhibition from these LH neurons induces plasticity of VTA GABAergic neurons.
Through the use of optogenetics we have been able to isolate precise GABAergic pathways that lead into the VTA. Specifically, we have isolated input sources from the LH. These optogenetic experiments, in combination with electrophysiology, have allowed us to measure the specific effects that LH GABA neurons have on VTA GABA neurons. Currently, our data suggests that LH GABAergic cells do induce long-term depression (LTD) in VTA GABAergic cells, however, it is too soon to make any conclusions. Although experiments are still underway, we believe that LH GABAergic neurons play an important role in the drug addiction pathway by inhibiting VTA GABAergic neurons and inducing plasticity.
Faculty Advisor: Edwards, Jeffrey (Brigham Young University, Physiology and Developmental Biology)
Drug addiction is a consequence of neural plasticity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an area of the brain's reward system, in which higher levels of dopamine are expressed. Research suggests that decreased activity of inhibitory _-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the VTA could be the cause of increased activity of dopaminergic cells in the VTA, and thus mediate opiate addiction (Tan). However, not much additional research has been performed to evaluate the plasticity of VTA GABA neurons and the role they play in addiction. Why are VTA GABAergic cells being inhibited and how? We hypothesize that inhibitory inputs onto GABA neurons in the VTA directly affect the degree of inhibition of VTA dopaminergic cells. Additionally, we hypothesize that GABAergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a source input that extends into the VTA and inhibits VTA GABAergic neurons. We believe that inhibition from these LH neurons induces plasticity of VTA GABAergic neurons.
Through the use of optogenetics we have been able to isolate precise GABAergic pathways that lead into the VTA. Specifically, we have isolated input sources from the LH. These optogenetic experiments, in combination with electrophysiology, have allowed us to measure the specific effects that LH GABA neurons have on VTA GABA neurons. Currently, our data suggests that LH GABAergic cells do induce long-term depression (LTD) in VTA GABAergic cells, however, it is too soon to make any conclusions. Although experiments are still underway, we believe that LH GABAergic neurons play an important role in the drug addiction pathway by inhibiting VTA GABAergic neurons and inducing plasticity.
YjbB encodes a phosphate exporter in E. coli
Funk, Stephen; Wood, Jacob; Catmull, Ashley; Martin, Brett (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: McCleary, Bill (Brigham Young University College of Life Sciences, Microbiology & Molecular Biology)
The survival of the model microorganism E. coli depends largely on its ability to regulate the concentration of nutrients in its cell. This regulation often relies on complex systems of both cooperative and competitive enzymes. One of these enzymes, encoded by the YjbB gene, was known to play some role in phosphate regulation. However, its exact function had not yet been characterized. We attempted to deduce the function of the YjbB-encoded protein in the context of two other phosphate regulatory systems: the PitA/B phosphate transport system and the PpK/X polyphosphate storage system. Using comparative growth curves in both phosphate-rich and phosphate-deprived media, we found that the YjbB-encoded protein protects against phosphate poisoning in the absence of phosphate exporters, suggesting that the protein in question functions primarily as a phosphate exporter as well.
Faculty Advisor: McCleary, Bill (Brigham Young University College of Life Sciences, Microbiology & Molecular Biology)
The survival of the model microorganism E. coli depends largely on its ability to regulate the concentration of nutrients in its cell. This regulation often relies on complex systems of both cooperative and competitive enzymes. One of these enzymes, encoded by the YjbB gene, was known to play some role in phosphate regulation. However, its exact function had not yet been characterized. We attempted to deduce the function of the YjbB-encoded protein in the context of two other phosphate regulatory systems: the PitA/B phosphate transport system and the PpK/X polyphosphate storage system. Using comparative growth curves in both phosphate-rich and phosphate-deprived media, we found that the YjbB-encoded protein protects against phosphate poisoning in the absence of phosphate exporters, suggesting that the protein in question functions primarily as a phosphate exporter as well.
Using CRISPR and gRNA to Alter the HIV Genome
McRae, Elisa; Solis Leal, Antonio; Giler, Noemi; Karlinsey, Dalton; Quaye, Abraham; Berges, Bradford (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Berges, Bradford (Brigham Young University, Microbiology and Molecular Biology)
HIV-1 infects CD4 T-cells by inserting its genome into a cell's genetic sequence. CRISPR technology allows for gene editing within the cell, causing a break in DNA sequences targeted by specific guide RNAs. Plasmids encoding CRISPR and guide RNA (gRNA) genes, in the context of lentiviral delivery vectors, will be transfected to produce two lentiviral vectors. In vitro experiments include human T cells that will be transduced with the lentiviral vectors and analyzed with flow cytometry to determine cells that express CRISPR and gRNAs. These cells will then be sorted to create a population of cells that express both the CRISPR and gRNA genes and will then be infected with the NL4-3 strain of HIV. For in vivo experiments, human hematopoietic stem cells will be transduced with the lentivirus vectors, after which they will be transplanted into humanized mice, thus producing a human-like immune system for testing the efficacy of our anti-HIV approach. After the human immune system has sufficiently developed in the mice, HIV-1 will be introduced. We expect that human immune cells with CRISPRs will be protected against HIV infection and death due to the use of gRNAs. These cells are postulated to no longer be susceptible to HIV-1 infection, thus preventing further cell lineages from becoming infected. We will analyze data for three main endpoints: 1. Cell killing of HIV, 2. HIV rebound due to the high mutation rate of the virus, 3. Amount of HIV replication, examined by assessing the viral RNA outside of cells using Q-RT-PCR. Data from this project will support whether cells transfected with CRISPR and guide RNAs offer cell lineages that adequately disrupt the HIV-1 genome. Efforts of this study hope to address HIV infection in humans following trials with humanized mice.
Faculty Advisor: Berges, Bradford (Brigham Young University, Microbiology and Molecular Biology)
HIV-1 infects CD4 T-cells by inserting its genome into a cell's genetic sequence. CRISPR technology allows for gene editing within the cell, causing a break in DNA sequences targeted by specific guide RNAs. Plasmids encoding CRISPR and guide RNA (gRNA) genes, in the context of lentiviral delivery vectors, will be transfected to produce two lentiviral vectors. In vitro experiments include human T cells that will be transduced with the lentiviral vectors and analyzed with flow cytometry to determine cells that express CRISPR and gRNAs. These cells will then be sorted to create a population of cells that express both the CRISPR and gRNA genes and will then be infected with the NL4-3 strain of HIV. For in vivo experiments, human hematopoietic stem cells will be transduced with the lentivirus vectors, after which they will be transplanted into humanized mice, thus producing a human-like immune system for testing the efficacy of our anti-HIV approach. After the human immune system has sufficiently developed in the mice, HIV-1 will be introduced. We expect that human immune cells with CRISPRs will be protected against HIV infection and death due to the use of gRNAs. These cells are postulated to no longer be susceptible to HIV-1 infection, thus preventing further cell lineages from becoming infected. We will analyze data for three main endpoints: 1. Cell killing of HIV, 2. HIV rebound due to the high mutation rate of the virus, 3. Amount of HIV replication, examined by assessing the viral RNA outside of cells using Q-RT-PCR. Data from this project will support whether cells transfected with CRISPR and guide RNAs offer cell lineages that adequately disrupt the HIV-1 genome. Efforts of this study hope to address HIV infection in humans following trials with humanized mice.
Understand whether folic acid can rescue fumonisin, ceramide, and valproic acid induced NTDs
Park, Yeram; Lin, Jade; Ross, Micah; Stark, Michael; (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Stark, Michael (Life Sciences, Physiological and Developmental Biology); Hansen, Marc (Life Sciences, Physiological and Developmental Biology)
Neural tube defects (NTDs), which result from failure to close the neural tube during embryonic development, are one of the most widespread and common congenital malformations. Variance in these malformations can range from anencephaly (failure of the neural tube to close on the cranial end) to spina bifida (failure of closure on the posterior/dorsal end). Over the years, scientists have explored this field and have found different environmental factors that may attribute to the likelihood of NTDs. Some of these include fumonisin, valproic acid and more recently discovered, ceramide. To help counter NTDs, studies have shown that folic acid supplementation given to pregnant women has reduced the risk of NTDs and this has become a recommended suggestion by doctors. With its known preventative effects, this study aims to determine whether the preventative effects of folic acid can counter the harmful effects of fumonisin, valproic acid, or ceramide.
Faculty Advisor: Stark, Michael (Life Sciences, Physiological and Developmental Biology); Hansen, Marc (Life Sciences, Physiological and Developmental Biology)
Neural tube defects (NTDs), which result from failure to close the neural tube during embryonic development, are one of the most widespread and common congenital malformations. Variance in these malformations can range from anencephaly (failure of the neural tube to close on the cranial end) to spina bifida (failure of closure on the posterior/dorsal end). Over the years, scientists have explored this field and have found different environmental factors that may attribute to the likelihood of NTDs. Some of these include fumonisin, valproic acid and more recently discovered, ceramide. To help counter NTDs, studies have shown that folic acid supplementation given to pregnant women has reduced the risk of NTDs and this has become a recommended suggestion by doctors. With its known preventative effects, this study aims to determine whether the preventative effects of folic acid can counter the harmful effects of fumonisin, valproic acid, or ceramide.
Verification of microbial genes that affect host dietary preference in Drosophila melanogaster
Call, Tanner; Bean, Joseph; Chaston, John (Brigham Young University)
Faculty Advisor: Chaston, John (Life Sciences, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
The gut microbiome, or the microorganisms that colonize the GI tract of all macro-organisms, plays a significant role in host health and physiology. In a study last year, I found that the microbiome of D. melanogaster has a direct influence on dietary preference using a well-established, automated feeding assay. In this study, I extend these findings by performing a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) screen to predict bacterial genes responsible for the effect. Specifically, I measured dietary preferences in flies mono-associated with each of 40 different bacterial species. My mentor compared the dietary preference of these flies with the genomes of their associated bacteria using a MGWA. This analysis predicted 1932 bacterial genes that could be responsible for the feeding preference phenotype. I selected the top 22 genes, including all uncharacterized genes, for which we have knock-out mutants in a laboratory stock of bacterial mutants. I will test if these genes are necessary for inducing specific host feeding preferences by comparing feeding preferences of flies mono-associated with a bacterial mutant with controls, using a generalized mixed linear model. These results will help us understand how different members of the microbiota can influence animal feeding behaviors.
Faculty Advisor: Chaston, John (Life Sciences, Plant and Wildlife Sciences)
The gut microbiome, or the microorganisms that colonize the GI tract of all macro-organisms, plays a significant role in host health and physiology. In a study last year, I found that the microbiome of D. melanogaster has a direct influence on dietary preference using a well-established, automated feeding assay. In this study, I extend these findings by performing a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) screen to predict bacterial genes responsible for the effect. Specifically, I measured dietary preferences in flies mono-associated with each of 40 different bacterial species. My mentor compared the dietary preference of these flies with the genomes of their associated bacteria using a MGWA. This analysis predicted 1932 bacterial genes that could be responsible for the feeding preference phenotype. I selected the top 22 genes, including all uncharacterized genes, for which we have knock-out mutants in a laboratory stock of bacterial mutants. I will test if these genes are necessary for inducing specific host feeding preferences by comparing feeding preferences of flies mono-associated with a bacterial mutant with controls, using a generalized mixed linear model. These results will help us understand how different members of the microbiota can influence animal feeding behaviors.
Understanding The Role Of Small Non-coding RNA In Bumble Bee Social Behavior
Figgins, Anna C.; Hunter, F. Kate; Kapheim, Karen M. (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: Kapheim, Karen (College of Science, Biology Department)
Certain species of ants, bees, and wasps have some of the most sophisticated forms of cooperative behavior known throughout the animal kingdom. These eusocial insects live in large family groups made up of castes (e.g., queens and workers) that specialize on different tasks within a colony. In many species, division of labor between queens and workers is associated with behavioral and physiological traits such as dominance interactions, ovary maturation, and lipid stores. Remarkably, these large phenotypic differences between castes emerge from a shared genome. This suggests caste differences stem from changes in how shared genes are regulated. We have been investigating the role of a small regulatory molecule (microRNA miR-13b) as a potential regulator of division of labor in bumble bees (Bombus impatiens). We tested the hypothesis that miR-13b regulates division of labor by inhibiting its function using small-interfering RNA (siRNA). We inhibited miR-13b function by injecting a synthetic antagonist of miR-13b (antagomir) into the abdomens of live bees. The average expression of miR-13b in the fat body of bees that received the antagomir injection was 0.52 relative to those that received the control injection (n = 7). This inhibition of miR-13b expression was accompanied by a significant decrease in fat body size. However, the influence of the antagomir only lasted 1 day. Future experiments will determine if the antagomir can influence gene expression longer than 1 day and assess physiological and behavioral changes in B. impatiens after miR-13b is inhibited. Knowledge gained from this study allows us to understand more about the mechanisms underlying social behavior in bees and helps us investigate how behavior is regulated by gene expression.
Faculty Advisor: Kapheim, Karen (College of Science, Biology Department)
Certain species of ants, bees, and wasps have some of the most sophisticated forms of cooperative behavior known throughout the animal kingdom. These eusocial insects live in large family groups made up of castes (e.g., queens and workers) that specialize on different tasks within a colony. In many species, division of labor between queens and workers is associated with behavioral and physiological traits such as dominance interactions, ovary maturation, and lipid stores. Remarkably, these large phenotypic differences between castes emerge from a shared genome. This suggests caste differences stem from changes in how shared genes are regulated. We have been investigating the role of a small regulatory molecule (microRNA miR-13b) as a potential regulator of division of labor in bumble bees (Bombus impatiens). We tested the hypothesis that miR-13b regulates division of labor by inhibiting its function using small-interfering RNA (siRNA). We inhibited miR-13b function by injecting a synthetic antagonist of miR-13b (antagomir) into the abdomens of live bees. The average expression of miR-13b in the fat body of bees that received the antagomir injection was 0.52 relative to those that received the control injection (n = 7). This inhibition of miR-13b expression was accompanied by a significant decrease in fat body size. However, the influence of the antagomir only lasted 1 day. Future experiments will determine if the antagomir can influence gene expression longer than 1 day and assess physiological and behavioral changes in B. impatiens after miR-13b is inhibited. Knowledge gained from this study allows us to understand more about the mechanisms underlying social behavior in bees and helps us investigate how behavior is regulated by gene expression.
Using Dendroclimatology To Study A Disjunct Population Of Pinus Ponderosa In Northern Utah
Stapleton, Michael; DeRose, Justin. (Utah State University)
Faculty Advisor: DeRose, Justin (S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Wildland Resources Department)
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the most widespread coniferous tree in North America, occurring from Mexico to British Columbia and from California to Nebraska. Surprisingly, however, P. ponderosa is largely absent within the center of this range. Previous studies suggest that this absence may be linked to a range of climatic variables, but collectively fail to identify specific climate-growth responses. Using dendroclimatology, we will analyze how a disjunct population of P. ponderosa in northern Utah responds to local climate conditions. We seek to identify which of these variables the species is most sensitive to by correlating the population's average annual growth to a variety of climate composites. Similar tests will be conducted across three treatment blocks throughout the stand in order to distinguish if previous management altered the population's resilience to climate. Our results will help explain the current distribution of P. ponderosa and suggest how that distribution may respond to changing climate conditions.
Faculty Advisor: DeRose, Justin (S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Wildland Resources Department)
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the most widespread coniferous tree in North America, occurring from Mexico to British Columbia and from California to Nebraska. Surprisingly, however, P. ponderosa is largely absent within the center of this range. Previous studies suggest that this absence may be linked to a range of climatic variables, but collectively fail to identify specific climate-growth responses. Using dendroclimatology, we will analyze how a disjunct population of P. ponderosa in northern Utah responds to local climate conditions. We seek to identify which of these variables the species is most sensitive to by correlating the population's average annual growth to a variety of climate composites. Similar tests will be conducted across three treatment blocks throughout the stand in order to distinguish if previous management altered the population's resilience to climate. Our results will help explain the current distribution of P. ponderosa and suggest how that distribution may respond to changing climate conditions.
What in Tarnation? The Rozel Tar Seeps Impacts to Avian Fauna at the Great Salt Lake
Sanchez, Mary; Martin, Cayla; Butler, Jaimi; Parrott, David (Westminster College)
Faculty Advisor: Butler, Jaimi (Westminster College, Great Salt Lake Institute); Parrott, David (Westminster College, Biology)
The Great Salt Lake is one of the largest migratory stops for many species of birds in North America. Along the banks of the Great Salt Lake, at Rozel point, there are tar seeps, where some species of birds have gotten entrapped and died. These petroleum seeps are both naturally occurring and human created at Rozel Point. The temperature that the seeps become sticky, the possibility of prey animals drawing predators in, and the appearance of the tar seeps are all important aspects of why birds are drawn to these seeps. Using motion sensor cameras and temperature monitoring devices, the animals that are visiting the tar seeps and the temperature variation of the seeps were monitored. One of the largest human created oil wells at Rozel Point was recapped in January of 2019. The impacts of this recapping was monitored throughout the summer of 2019 to determine if there are fewer birds entrapped due to the reduction of oil escaping from the ground at this well.
Faculty Advisor: Butler, Jaimi (Westminster College, Great Salt Lake Institute); Parrott, David (Westminster College, Biology)
The Great Salt Lake is one of the largest migratory stops for many species of birds in North America. Along the banks of the Great Salt Lake, at Rozel point, there are tar seeps, where some species of birds have gotten entrapped and died. These petroleum seeps are both naturally occurring and human created at Rozel Point. The temperature that the seeps become sticky, the possibility of prey animals drawing predators in, and the appearance of the tar seeps are all important aspects of why birds are drawn to these seeps. Using motion sensor cameras and temperature monitoring devices, the animals that are visiting the tar seeps and the temperature variation of the seeps were monitored. One of the largest human created oil wells at Rozel Point was recapped in January of 2019. The impacts of this recapping was monitored throughout the summer of 2019 to determine if there are fewer birds entrapped due to the reduction of oil escaping from the ground at this well.